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      Potencial sesgo de patrocinio en los análisis coste-efectividad de intervenciones sanitarias: un análisis transversal Translated title: Potential sponsorship bias in cost-effectiveness analyses of healthcare interventions: A cross-sectional analysis

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          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Examinar la relación entre la fuente de financiación de los análisis coste-efectividad de intervenciones sanitarias publicados en España y las conclusiones de los estudios.

          Diseño

          Estudio descriptivo transversal.

          Emplazamiento

          Bases de datos de literatura científica (hasta diciembre de 2014).

          Participantes (unidad de análisis)

          Cohorte de análisis coste-efectividad de intervenciones sanitarias publicados en España entre 1989-2014 (n = 223) que presentaran como medida de resultado los años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC).

          Mediciones principales

          Se establecieron relaciones entre las conclusiones cualitativas de los estudios y el tipo de fuente de financiación utilizando la prueba exacta de Fisher en tablas de contingencia. Se exploraron las distribuciones de las estimaciones de las razones coste-efectividad incremental por fuente de financiación en relación a umbrales hipotéticos de disposición a pagar entre 30.000-50.000 € por AVAC.

          Resultados

          Un total de 136 (61,0%) estudios fueron financiados por la industria. Los estudios financiados por la industria eran menos propensos a presentar conclusiones desfavorables o neutrales que los estudios no financiados por la industria (2,2% frente al 23,0%; p < 0,0001), fundamentalmente en los estudios que evaluaban fármacos (0,9% frente al 21,4%; p < 0,0001). Las razones coste-efectividad incremental en los estudios financiados por la industria eran más propensas a situarse por debajo de los umbrales hipotéticos de disposición a pagar de 30.000 € (73,8% frente al 56,3%; p < 0,0001) y 50.000 € (89,4% frente al 68,2%; p < 0,0001) por AVAC.

          Conclusiones

          El presente estudio revela un potencial sesgo de patrocinio en los análisis coste-efectividad. Los estudios financiados por la industria podrían estar favoreciendo el perfil de eficiencia de sus productos.

          Translated abstract

          Objective

          To examine the relationship between the funding source of cost-effectiveness analyses of healthcare interventions published in Spain and study conclusions.

          Design

          Descriptive cross-sectional study.

          Location

          Scientific literature databases (until December 2014).

          Participants (analysis units)

          Cohort of cost-effectiveness analysis of healthcare interventions published in Spain between 1989-2014 (n = 223) presenting quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) as the outcome measure.

          Main measurements

          The relationship between qualitative conclusions of the studies and the type of funding source were established using Fisher's exact test in contingency tables. Distributions of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios by source of funding in relation to hypothetical willingness to pay thresholds between € 30,000-€ 50,000 per QALY were explored.

          Results

          A total of 136 (61.0%) studies were funded by industry. The industry-funded studies were less likely to report unfavorable or neutral conclusions than studies non-funded by industry (2.2% vs. 23.0%; P < .0001), largely driven by studies evaluating drugs (0.9% vs. 21.4%; P < .0001). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios in studies funded by industry were more likely to be below the hypothetical willingness to pay threshold of € 30,000 (73.8% vs. 56.3%; P < .0001) and € 50,000 (89.4% vs. 68.2%; P < .0001) per QALY.

          Conclusions

          This study reveals a potential sponsorship bias in cost-effectiveness analyses of healthcare interventions. Studies funded by industry could be favoring the efficiency profile of their products.

          Related collections

          Most cited references27

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          Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review.

          To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded by pharmaceutical companies differ from the methods in trials with other sources of support. Medline (January 1966 to December 2002) and Embase (January 1980 to December 2002) searches were supplemented with material identified in the references and in the authors' personal files. Data were independently abstracted by three of the authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus. 30 studies were included. Research funded by drug companies was less likely to be published than research funded by other sources. Studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor than were studies with other sponsors (odds ratio 4.05; 95% confidence interval 2.98 to 5.51; 18 comparisons). None of the 13 studies that analysed methods reported that studies funded by industry was of poorer quality. Systematic bias favours products which are made by the company funding the research. Explanations include the selection of an inappropriate comparator to the product being investigated and publication bias.
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            Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: a reflection of treatment effect or adverse events?

            Previous studies indicate that industry-sponsored trials tend to draw proindustry conclusions. To explore whether the association between funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials reflects treatment effects or adverse events. Observational study of 370 randomized drug trials included in meta-analyses from Cochrane reviews selected from the Cochrane Library, May 2001. From a random sample of 167 Cochrane reviews, 25 contained eligible meta-analyses (assessed a binary outcome; pooled at least 5 full-paper trials of which at least 1 reported adequate and 1 reported inadequate allocation concealment). The primary binary outcome from each meta-analysis was considered the primary outcome for all trials included in each meta-analysis. The association between funding and conclusions was analyzed by logistic regression with adjustment for treatment effect, adverse events, and additional confounding factors (methodological quality, control intervention, sample size, publication year, and place of publication). Conclusions in trials, classified into whether the experimental drug was recommended as the treatment of choice or not. The experimental drug was recommended as treatment of choice in 16% of trials funded by nonprofit organizations, 30% of trials not reporting funding, 35% of trials funded by both nonprofit and for-profit organizations, and 51% of trials funded by for-profit organizations (P<.001; chi2 test). Logistic regression analyses indicated that funding, treatment effect, and double blinding were the only significant predictors of conclusions. Adjusted analyses showed that trials funded by for-profit organizations were significantly more likely to recommend the experimental drug as treatment of choice (odds ratio, 5.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-14.4) compared with trials funded by nonprofit organizations. This association did not appear to reflect treatment effect or adverse events. Conclusions in trials funded by for-profit organizations may be more positive due to biased interpretation of trial results. Readers should carefully evaluate whether conclusions in randomized trials are supported by data.
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              Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review.

              To investigate if published studies tend to report favourable cost effectiveness ratios (below 20,000 dollars, 50,000 dollars, and 100,000 dollars per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained) and evaluate study characteristics associated with this phenomenon. Systematic review. Studies reviewed 494 English language studies measuring health effects in QALYs published up to December 2001 identified using Medline, HealthSTAR, CancerLit, Current Content, and EconLit databases. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios measured in dollars set to the year of publication. Approximately half the reported incremental cost effectiveness ratios (712 of 1433) were below 20,000 dollars/QALY. Studies funded by industry were more likely to report cost effectiveness ratios below 20,000 dollars/QALY (adjusted odds ratio 2.1, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 3.3), 50,000 dollars/QALY (3.2, 1.8 to 5.7), and 100,000 dollars/QALY (3.3, 1.6 to 6.8). Studies of higher methodological quality (adjusted odds ratio 0.58, 0.37 to 0.91) and those conducted in Europe (0.59, 0.33 to 1.1) and the United States (0.44, 0.26 to 0.76) rather than elsewhere were less likely to report ratios below 20,000 dollars/QALY. Most published analyses report favourable incremental cost effectiveness ratios. Studies funded by industry were more likely to report ratios below the three thresholds. Studies of higher methodological quality and those conducted in Europe and the US rather than elsewhere were less likely to report ratios below 20,000 dollars/QALY.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                03 January 2017
                Jun-Jul 2017
                03 January 2017
                : 49
                : 6
                : 335-342
                Affiliations
                [a ]Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA y CIBERSAM, Valencia, España
                [b ]Fundación Instituto de Investigación en Servicios de Salud, Valencia, España
                [c ]Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, Ontario, Canadá
                [d ]Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (I+CS), Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Zaragoza, España
                [e ]FISABIO-Salud Pública, Valencia, España
                Author notes
                [* ]Autor para correspondencia. ferran_catala@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S0212-6567(16)30232-3
                10.1016/j.aprim.2016.08.001
                6875970
                28062088
                be0db85b-24ea-48e5-b8bb-d95b4cde9f14
                © 2016 Elsevier España, S.L.U.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 4 July 2016
                : 12 August 2016
                Categories
                Originales

                coste-efectividad,sesgo,años de vida ajustados por calidad,españa,cost-effectiveness,bias,quality-adjusted life years,spain

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