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      CONSERVATION PERSPECTIVES FOR A HIGHLY DISPARATE LINEAGE OF MAMMALS: THE XENARTHRA Translated title: Perspectivas de conservação para uma linhagem altamente díspar de mamíferos: os Xenarthra

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          Abstract

          Abstract The Xenarthra, which are endemic to the Americas, consist of two distinct clades, the Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) and the Cingulata (armadillos). The association between xenarthrans and humans dates back to ancient times. Although these associations do not appear to have negatively impacted all wild populations, hunting probably contributed to the extinction of some xenarthrans in archaeological-geological times and, more recently, to the depletion or extinction of local populations. Undoubtedly, human activities are increasingly impacting the wild populations of many xenarthran species. According to the last assessment for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 15 of the 30 species of Xenarthra are classified as Least Concern, five as Data Deficient, five as Near Threatened, and five are included in a threatened category, with one (Bradypus pygmaeus) being considered Critically Endangered, and four (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus, and Tolypeutes tricinctus) designated as Vulnerable. Here, we discuss the current taxonomic challenges of working with xenarthrans and the impacts of those challenges on the conservation of these animals. We evaluate the main threats affecting the Xenarthra now and in the future, we identify some successful conservation initiatives, and we highlight the importance of initiatives by individual experts. Our goals are to summarize the current status of xenarthrans and to facilitate the development and implementation of conservation strategies for these animals.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Os Xenarthra, endêmicos das Américas, consistem em dois clados distintos, Pilosa (tamanduás e preguiças) e Cingulata (tatus). A associação entre xenartros e humanos remonta aos tempos antigos. Embora essas associações não pareçam ter impactado negativamente todas as populações selvagens, a caça provavelmente contribuiu para a extinção de alguns xenartros nos tempos arqueológico-geológicos e, mais recentemente, para o esgotamento ou extinção das populações locais. Sem dúvida, as atividades humanas estão impactando cada vez mais as populações selvagens de muitas espécies de xenartros. De acordo com a última avaliação da Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN, 15 das 30 espécies de Xenarthra são classificadas como Menos Preocupantes (LC), 5 como Deficientes em Dados (DD), 5 como Quase Ameaçadas (NT) e 5 são incluídas em uma categoria ameaçada, com uma (Bradypus pygmaeus) sendo considerado Criticamente em Perigo (CR) e quatro (Myrmeco- phaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus . Tolypeutes tricinctus) designados como Vulneráveis (VU). Aqui, discutimos os desafios taxonômicos atuais do trabalho com xenartros e os impactos desses desafios na conservação desses animais. Avaliamos as principais ameaças que afetam os Xenarthra agora e no futuro, identificamos algumas iniciativas de conservação bem-sucedidas e destacamos a importância das iniciativas de especialistas individuais. Nossos objetivos são resumir o status atual dos xenartros e facilitar o desenvolvimento e a implementação de estratégias de conservação para esses animais.

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          The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals.

          To discover interordinal relationships of living and fossil placental mammals and the time of origin of placentals relative to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, we scored 4541 phenomic characters de novo for 86 fossil and living species. Combining these data with molecular sequences, we obtained a phylogenetic tree that, when calibrated with fossils, shows that crown clade Placentalia and placental orders originated after the K-Pg boundary. Many nodes discovered using molecular data are upheld, but phenomic signals overturn molecular signals to show Sundatheria (Dermoptera + Scandentia) as the sister taxon of Primates, a close link between Proboscidea (elephants) and Sirenia (sea cows), and the monophyly of echolocating Chiroptera (bats). Our tree suggests that Placentalia first split into Xenarthra and Epitheria; extinct New World species are the oldest members of Afrotheria.
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            The role of taxonomy in species conservation.

            Taxonomy and species conservation are often assumed to be completely interdependent activities. However, a shortage of taxonomic information and skills, and confusion over where the limits to 'species' should be set, both cause problems for conservationists. There is no simple solution because species lists used for conservation planning (e.g. threatened species, species richness estimates, species covered by legislation) are often also used to determine which units should be the focus of conservation actions; this despite the fact that the two processes have such different goals and information needs. Species conservation needs two kinds of taxonomic solution: (i) a set of practical rules to standardize the species units included on lists; and (ii) an approach to the units chosen for conservation recovery planning which recognizes the dynamic nature of natural systems and the differences from the units in listing processes that result. These solutions are well within our grasp but require a new kind of collaboration among conservation biologists, taxonomists and legislators, as well as an increased resource of taxonomists with relevant and high-quality skills.
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              Effects of Subsistence Hunting on Vertebrate Community Structure in Amazonian Forests

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mznt
                Mastozoología neotropical
                Mastozool. neotrop.
                Sociedad Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos (SAREM) (Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina )
                0327-9383
                1666-0536
                2020
                : 27
                : 48-67
                Affiliations
                [7] Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                [1] Mendoza orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo Argentina msuperina@ 123456mendoza-conicet.gov.ar
                [3] Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina msuperina@ 123456mendoza-conicet.gov.ar
                [5] orgnameIUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group Estados Unidos
                [8] Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata Argentina
                [9] orgnameIUCN SSC Anteater, Sloth and Armadillo Specialist Group Estados Unidos msuperina@ 123456mendoza-conicet.gov.ar
                Article
                S0327-93832020000100048 S0327-9383(20)02700000048
                be153059-2595-4707-9b05-ca41c8738943

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 December 2018
                : 30 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 142, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                taxonomy,espécies ameaçadas,Pilosa,taxonomia,Cingulata,threatened species,especies amenazadas,taxonomía

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