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      The late-Holocene tufa decline in Europe

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      The Holocene
      SAGE Publications

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          Effects of Forest Cutting and Herbicide Treatment on Nutrient Budgets in the Hubbard Brook Watershed-Ecosystem

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            PHOSPHATES AS CRYSTAL POISONS OF CALCIFICATION.

            K Simkiss (1964)
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              Late Cenozoic Paleoclimates of the Gaap Escarpment, Kalahari margin, South Africa

              The Gaap Escarpment is a dolomite cuesta demarcating the southeast margin of the Kalahari. Since Miocene-Pliocene times, thick masses of lime tufa have repeatedly accumulated at several points along this escarpment, and four regional sequences are described. These allow discrimination of six major depositional complexes, commonly characterized by basal cryoclastic breccias or coarse conglomerates that reflect frost shattering and torrential runoff, followed by sheets and lobes of tufa generated in an environment substantially wetter than today. A chronostratigraphy for the last 30,000 yr is provided by 14 C dating, with direct or indirect correlations to the Vaal River sequence. The regional stratigraphy as well as faunal dating indicate an early Pleistocene age for Australopithecus africanus at Taung. Repeated episodes of protracted cold or wetter climate or both begin in terminal Miocene times, and the last Pleistocene cold-moist interval began after 35,000 yr B.P. and ended 14,000 yr B.P. Early and late Holocene times were mainly wetter, whereas the middle Holocene was drier than today. The paleoclimatic sequence differs from that of the southern and southwestern Cape or that of East Africa, but close parallels are evident throughout the lower Vaal Basin and the southern Kalahari. The tufa cycles provide a unique, 5,000,000-yr record of climatic variation in the Kalahari summer-rainfall belt that can be related to complex anomalies of the general atmospheric circulation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                The Holocene
                The Holocene
                SAGE Publications
                0959-6836
                1477-0911
                July 27 2016
                July 27 2016
                : 3
                : 2
                : 181-186
                Article
                10.1177/095968369300300211
                be2578e0-01ba-48a1-ae9d-c1f06dd12439
                © 2016
                History

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