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      Obesidad, una epidemia mundial: Implicaciones de la genética Translated title: Obesity, a world epidemics: Genetic implications

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          Abstract

          Se realizó una revisión del sobrepeso corporal y la obesidad, los cuales muestran cifras alarmantes al nivel internacional. Las cifras de estudios en Cuba son coincidentes e incluyen a adultos y niños. Esta tendencia crece paralela al incremento de diabetes e hipertensión arterial, factores que en conjunto inciden sobre la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades crónicas. La prevención del sobrepeso corporal y las enfermedades crónicas, incluida en las estrategias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, han sido estructuradas consecuentemente con un enfoque preventivo a lo largo de toda la vida. Las modificaciones de los estilos de vida que comprenden a la alimentación y a la realización de actividad física regular tienen una influencia determinante en la tendencia mundial informada para estas afecciones. El genoma humano ha variado poco en la evolución, sin embargo, los cambios trascendentales ocurridos en el estilo de vida de las últimas 2-3 generaciones han generado el comportamiento explosivo en la prevalencia de estas afecciones al nivel mundial. El creciente conocimiento de la interacción gene-nutriente está revolucionando el manejo de las grandes epidemias que se avecinan para este siglo. Se ofrecen aquí ejemplos concretos sobre genes vinculados con el metabolismo de la energía, los ácidos grasos, el ácido fólico, el control del apetito, el gasto energético, la tolerancia a la glucosa y la deposición grasa en el organismo humano. La estructuración de programas de intervención dirigidos al control de estas afecciones debe contemplar esta diversidad.

          Translated abstract

          The literature review on body overweight and obesity disclosed alarming figures worldwide. Figures provided by studies conducted in Cuba were similar and included adults as well as children. This tendency grows as diabetes and blood hypertension increase, both factors having a joint incidence on morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases. Prevention of body overweight and chronic diseases, an issue included in the World Health Organization strategies, has been consequently structured with a preventive approach throughout life. Changes in lifestyles comprising food and regular exercising have determining influence in the world tendencies for these diseases. Human genome has slightly varied in its evolution; however, trascendental changes have occured in the lifestyle of the last 2 to 3 generations leading to explosive behaviour of these problemas at the international level. The increased knowledge of gene-nutrient interaction is revolutionizing the management of huge epidemics that will appear in this century. Particular examples on genes linked to the metabolism of energy, fat acids, folic acid, appetite control, energy output, tolerance to glucose and fat depot in the human body. The preparation of intervention programs aimed at the control of these disease should take this diversity into account.

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          Most cited references66

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          The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes.

          Genetic association studies are viewed as problematic and plagued by irreproducibility. Many associations have been reported for type 2 diabetes, but none have been confirmed in multiple samples and with comprehensive controls. We evaluated 16 published genetic associations to type 2 diabetes and related sub-phenotypes using a family-based design to control for population stratification, and replication samples to increase power. We were able to confirm only one association, that of the common Pro12Ala polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma(PPARgamma) with type 2 diabetes. By analysing over 3,000 individuals, we found a modest (1.25-fold) but significant (P=0.002) increase in diabetes risk associated with the more common proline allele (85% frequency). Moreover, our results resolve a controversy about common variation in PPARgamma. An initial study found a threefold effect, but four of five subsequent publications failed to confirm the association. All six studies are consistent with the odds ratio we describe. The data implicate inherited variation in PPARgamma in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Because the risk allele occurs at such high frequency, its modest effect translates into a large population attributable risk-influencing as much as 25% of type 2 diabetes in the general population.
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            Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

            The long-term relations between specific types of dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes remain unclear. Our objective was to examine the relations between dietary fat intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes. We prospectively followed 84204 women aged 34-59 y with no diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in 1980. Detailed dietary information was assessed at baseline and updated in 1984, 1986, and 1990 by using validated questionnaires. Relative risks of type 2 diabetes were obtained from pooled logistic models adjusted for nondietary and dietary covariates. During 14 y of follow-up, 2507 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Total fat intake, compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates, was not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes; for a 5% increase in total energy from fat, the relative risk (RR) was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02). Intakes of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids were also not significantly associated with the risk of diabetes. However, for a 5% increase in energy from polyunsaturated fat, the RR was 0.63 (0.53, 0.76; P < 0.0001) and for a 2% increase in energy from trans fatty acids the RR was 1.39 (1.15, 1.67; P = 0.0006). We estimated that replacing 2% of energy from trans fatty acids isoenergetically with polyunsaturated fat would lead to a 40% lower risk (RR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.75). These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. Substituting nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fatty acids for trans fatty acids would likely reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes substantially.
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              Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition.

              The recognition that nutrients have the ability to interact and modulate molecular mechanisms underlying an organism's physiological functions has prompted a revolution in the field of nutrition. Performing population-scaled epidemiological studies in the absence of genetic knowledge may result in erroneous scientific conclusions and misinformed nutritional recommendations. To circumvent such issues and more comprehensively probe the relationship between genes and diet, the field of nutrition has begun to capitalize on both the technologies and supporting analytical software brought forth in the post-genomic era. The creation of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics, two fields with distinct approaches to elucidate the interaction between diet and genes but with a common ultimate goal to optimize health through the personalization of diet, provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationship between nutritional molecules, genetic polymorphisms, and the biological system as a whole. Reluctance to embrace these new fields exists primarily due to the fear that producing overwhelming quantities of biological data within the confines of a single study will submerge the original query; however, the current review aims to position nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics as the emerging faces of nutrition that, when considered with more classical approaches, will provide the necessary stepping stones to achieve the ambitious goal of optimizing an individual's health via nutritional intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ibi
                Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas
                Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd
                ECIMED (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3011
                September 2007
                : 26
                : 3
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos. Cuba
                Article
                S0864-03002007000300010
                be738ce7-138f-4477-bb6d-dfa14b0bc421

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0864-0300&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL

                Medicine
                Obesity,genetics,nutrigenomic,nutrigenetics,prevalence,Cuba,Obesidad,genética,nutrigenómica,nutrigenética,prevalencia

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