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      Modeling Cancer in the CRISPR Era

      Author(s): 1 , 2
      Publication date Created:
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Annual Review of Cancer Biology
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          In just a few short years, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has fundamentally changed basic, agricultural, and biomedical research, but no field has felt a more profound impact than cancer research. The ability to quickly and precisely manipulate the genome has opened the floodgates for a new and more elaborate understanding of how genes and gene regulation influence disease. Here we review how the development and implementation of CRISPR-based technology is redefining the way we study cancer, and ultimately how it may be used to improve treatment outcomes.

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          Epigenome editing by a CRISPR/Cas9-based acetyltransferase activates genes from promoters and enhancers

          Isaac B. Hilton, Anthony M. D’Ippolito, Christopher M. Vockley … (2015)
          Technologies that facilitate the targeted manipulation of epigenetic marks could be used to precisely control cell phenotype or interrogate the relationship between the epigenome and transcriptional control. Here we have generated a programmable acetyltransferase based on the CRISPR/Cas9 gene regulation system, consisting of the nuclease-null dCas9 protein fused to the catalytic core of the human acetyltransferase p300. This fusion protein catalyzes acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27 at its target sites, corresponding with robust transcriptional activation of target genes from promoters, proximal enhancers, and distal enhancers. Gene activation by the targeted acetyltransferase is highly specific across the genome. In contrast to conventional dCas9-based activators, the acetyltransferase effectively activates genes from enhancer regions and with individual guide RNAs. The core p300 domain is also portable to other programmable DNA-binding proteins. These results support targeted acetylation as a causal mechanism of transactivation and provide a new robust tool for manipulating gene regulation.
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            Functional repair of CFTR by CRISPR/Cas9 in intestinal stem cell organoids of cystic fibrosis patients.

            Gerald Schwank, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Valentina Sasselli … (2013)
            Single murine and human intestinal stem cells can be expanded in culture over long time periods as genetically and phenotypically stable epithelial organoids. Increased cAMP levels induce rapid swelling of such organoids by opening the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductor receptor (CFTR). This response is lost in organoids derived from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Here we use the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system to correct the CFTR locus by homologous recombination in cultured intestinal stem cells of CF patients. The corrected allele is expressed and fully functional as measured in clonally expanded organoids. This study provides proof of concept for gene correction by homologous recombination in primary adult stem cells derived from patients with a single-gene hereditary defect. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Efficient multiplex biallelic zebrafish genome editing using a CRISPR nuclease system.

              Li-En Jao, Susan Wente, Wenbiao Chen (2013)
              A simple and robust method for targeted mutagenesis in zebrafish has long been sought. Previous methods generate monoallelic mutations in the germ line of F0 animals, usually delaying homozygosity for the mutation to the F2 generation. Generation of robust biallelic mutations in the F0 would allow for phenotypic analysis directly in injected animals. Recently the type II prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) system has been adapted to serve as a targeted genome mutagenesis tool. Here we report an improved CRISPR/Cas system in zebrafish with custom guide RNAs and a zebrafish codon-optimized Cas9 protein that efficiently targeted a reporter transgene Tg(-5.1mnx1:egfp) and four endogenous loci (tyr, golden, mitfa, and ddx19). Mutagenesis rates reached 75-99%, indicating that most cells contained biallelic mutations. Recessive null-like phenotypes were observed in four of the five targeting cases, supporting high rates of biallelic gene disruption. We also observed efficient germ-line transmission of the Cas9-induced mutations. Finally, five genomic loci can be targeted simultaneously, resulting in multiple loss-of-function phenotypes in the same injected fish. This CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a highly effective and scalable gene knockout method in zebrafish and has the potential for applications in other model organisms.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Cancer Biology
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Cancer Biol.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 2472-3428
                ISSN (Electronic): 2472-3428
                Publication date Created: March 04 2018
                Publication date (Print): March 04 2018
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 111-131
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
                [2 ]Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050455
                SO-VID: be9746a2-8a4d-478a-82bb-814882a93a10
                Copyright © © 2018
                History

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine,Biomedical engineering,Bioinformatics & Computational biology,Biotechnology,Genetics,Public health
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine, Biomedical engineering, Bioinformatics & Computational biology, Biotechnology, Genetics, Public health

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