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      The effects of atrazine on the microbiome of the eastern oyster: Crassostrea virginica

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          Abstract

          Long-standing evidence supports the importance of maintaining healthy populations of microbiota for the survival, homeostasis, and complete development of marine mollusks. However, the long-term ecological effects of agricultural runoff on these populations remains largely unknown. Atrazine (6-Chloro- n-ethyl- n′-(1-methylethyl)-triazine-2,4-diamine), a prevalent herbicide in the United States, is often used along tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay where oyster breeding programs are concentrated. To investigate any potential effects atrazine maybe having on mollusk-prokaryote interactions, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicons to evaluate how microbial compositions shift in response to exposure of environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine previously found within the Chesapeake Bay. The dominant bacterial genera found within all groups included those belonging to Pseudoalteromonas, Burkholderia, Bacteroides, Lactobacillis, Acetobacter, Allobaculum, Ruminococcus, and Nocardia. Our results support previously published findings of a possible core microbial community in Crassostrea virginica. We also report a novel finding: oysters exposed to atrazine concentrations as low as 3 µg/L saw a significant loss of a key mutualistic microbial species and a subsequent colonization of a pathogenic bacteria Nocardia. We conclude that exposure to atrazine in the Chesapeake Bay may be contributing to a significant shift in the microbiomes of juvenile oysters that reduces fitness and impedes natural and artificial repopulation of the oyster species within the Bay.

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          Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions

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            The rare bacterial biosphere.

            All communities are dominated by a few species that account for most of the biomass and carbon cycling. On the other hand, a large number of species are represented by only a few individuals. In the case of bacteria, these rare species were until recently invisible. Owing to their low numbers, conventional molecular techniques could not retrieve them. Isolation in pure culture was the only way to identify some of them, but current culturing techniques are unable to isolate most of the bacteria in nature. The recent development of fast and cheap high-throughput sequencing has begun to allow access to the rare species. In the case of bacteria, the exploration of this rare biosphere has several points of interest. First, it will eventually produce a reasonable estimate of the total number of bacterial taxa in the oceans; right now, we do not even know the right order of magnitude. Second, it will answer the question of whether "everything is everywhere." Third, it will require hypothesizing and testing the ecological mechanisms that allow subsistence of many species in low numbers. And fourth, it will open an avenue of research into the immense reserve of genes with potential applications hidden in the rare biosphere.
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              Molecular characterisation of the faecal microbiota in patients with type II diabetes.

              The investigation provides molecular analyses of the faecal microbiota in type 2 diabetic patients. In order to characterise the gut microbiota in diabetic patients and to assess whether there are changes in the diversity and similarity of gut microbiota in diabetic patients when compared with healthy individuals, bacterial DNAs from 16 type 2 diabetic patients and 12 healthy individuals were extracted from faecal samples and characterised by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with primers specifically targeting V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene, as well as been sequenced for excised gel bands. The counts of Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium leptum subgroup and Bifidobacterium genus were assessed using quantitative PCR. By comparing species diversity profiles of two groups, we observed that there were no significant differences between diabetic and healthy group, although a few diabetic individuals (D6, D8) exhibited a remarkable decrease in species profiles. As for the similarity index, it was lower in inter-group than that in intra-group, which showed that the composition of gut microbiota in diabetic group might be changed due to diabetes status. Sequencing results also revealed that bacterial composition of diabetic group was different from that of the healthy group. B. vulgatus and Bifidobacterium genus were low represented in the microbiota of diabetic group, and the significant decrease was observed for Bifidobacterium by real-time PCR. Taken together, in this work we observed the characterisation of gut microbiota in diabetic patients, which suggests that the gut microbiota of diabetes patients have some changes associated with occurrence and development of diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                adrianbrittsalcedo@gmail.com
                tscully@gwu.edu
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                6 July 2020
                6 July 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 11088
                Affiliations
                ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9510, GRID grid.253615.6, The George Washington University, ; Washington D.C., USA
                Article
                67851
                10.1038/s41598-020-67851-4
                7338443
                32632188
                bf1e5e4d-74ee-4b7a-97c0-00ff1773fec9
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 16 January 2020
                : 26 May 2020
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                conservation biology,bacterial genes,marine microbiology
                Uncategorized
                conservation biology, bacterial genes, marine microbiology

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