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      Desarrollo tecnológico del inyectable heparina sódica 5.000 UI/mL en solución Translated title: Technological development of sodium heparin injection in solution of 5.000 IU/mL

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: desarrollar una nueva formulación del inyectable en solución heparina sódica 5.000 UI/mL Métodos: se ensayaron tres variantes de formulaciones y fueron preparados, de cada una, tres lotes a escala de laboratorio. Se realizó el escalado a tres lotes pilotos con la comprobación de la estabilidad durante 12 meses de vida de estante y 6 meses acelerados Resultados: la formulación compuesta por heparina sódica (5.000 UI/mL), clorobutanol como preservo, dos tampones (fosfato de sodio monobásico/fosfato de sodio dibásico) y agua para inyección, como vehículo; en bulbos 6R, transparentes e incoloros, cumplió con los requisitos de calidad. La potencia biológica y el control del pH resultaron estables en los tres lotes preparados a escala de laboratorio Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos en estos últimos demostraron la factibilidad del desarrollo tecnológico de este medicamento, cumpliendo con las características de calidad de los inyectables.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: Developing a new formulation of heparin sodium injection in solution of 5.000 IU/mL. Methods: Three variants of formulations were tested and three batches were prepared at laboratory scale. Three pilot batches were also scaled up with stability checking for 12 months of shelf life and 6 months accelerated. Results: The formulation composed of heparin sodium (5.000 IU/mL), chlorobutanol as preserve, two buffers (monobasic sodium phosphate/dibasic sodium phosphate) and water for injection, as a vehicle; 6R bulbs, transparent and colorless, met the quality requirements. Biological potency and pH control were stable in the three batches prepared at laboratory scale. Conclusions: The results obtained in the latter demonstrated the feasibility of the technological development of this medicine, fulfilling the quality characteristics of the injectables.

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          Parenteral anticoagulants: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines.

          This article describes the pharmacology of approved parenteral anticoagulants. These include the indirect anticoagulants, unfractionated heparin (UFH), low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), fondaparinux, and danaparoid, as well as the direct thrombin inhibitors hirudin, bivalirudin, and argatroban. UFH is a heterogeneous mixture of glycosaminoglycans that bind to antithrombin via a unique pentasaccharide sequence and catalyze the inactivation of thrombin, factor Xa, and other clotting enzymes. Heparin also binds to cells and plasma proteins other than antithrombin causing unpredictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and triggering nonhemorrhagic side effects, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and osteoporosis. LMWHs have greater inhibitory activity against factor Xa than thrombin and exhibit less binding to cells and plasma proteins than heparin. Consequently, LMWH preparations have more predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, have a longer half-life than heparin, and are associated with a lower risk of nonhemorrhagic side effects. LMWHs can be administered once daily or bid by subcutaneous injection, without coagulation monitoring. Based on their greater convenience, LMWHs have replaced UFH for many clinical indications. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, catalyzes the inhibition of factor Xa, but not thrombin, in an antithrombin-dependent fashion. Fondaparinux binds only to antithrombin. Therefore, fondaparinux-associated HIT or osteoporosis is unlikely to occur. Fondaparinux exhibits complete bioavailability when administered subcutaneously, has a longer half-life than LMWHs, and is given once daily by subcutaneous injection in fixed doses, without coagulation monitoring. Three additional parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and danaparoid are approved as alternatives to heparin in patients with HIT.
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            Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs.

            Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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              Heparin and anticoagulation.

              Heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide, has been used as a clinical anticoagulant for over 90 years. Newer anticoagulants, introduced for certain specialized applications, have not significantly displaced heparin and newer heparin-based anticoagulants in most medical procedures. This chapter, while reviewing anticoagulation and these newer anticoagulants, focuses on heparin-based anticoagulants, including unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparins and ultra-low molecular weight heparins. Heparin's structures and its biological and therapeutic roles are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on heparin's therapeutic application and its adverse effects. The future prospects are excellent for new heparins and new heparin-based therapeutics with improved properties.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ars
                Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet)
                Ars Pharm
                Universidad de Granada (Granada, Granada, Spain )
                2340-9894
                June 2020
                : 61
                : 2
                : 127-133
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameEmpresa Laboratorios AICA orgdiv1Unidad Empresarial de Base Laboratorios Liorad orgdiv2Departamento de Aseguramiento y Control de la Calidad Cuba
                [2] La Habana orgnameUniversidad de La Habana orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales orgdiv2Laboratorio Universitario para la Caracterización de la Estructura de la Sustancia Cuba
                [1] orgnameEmpresa Laboratorios AICA orgdiv1Unidad de Desarrollo e Innovación orgdiv2Departamento de I+D Cuba
                Article
                S2340-98942020000200127 S2340-9894(20)06100200127
                10.30827/ars.v61i2.12208
                bf4bcfee-19b0-43ac-bc28-ac77957e47d8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 March 2020
                : 20 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                desarrollo,development,injectable,sodium heparin,inyectable,heparina sódica

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