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      Long noncoding RNAs as regulators of Toll‐like receptor signaling and innate immunity

      review-article
      1 , 1 ,
      Journal of Leukocyte Biology
      John Wiley and Sons Inc.
      inflammation, macrophages, dendritic cells

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          Abstract

          Review on how lncRNA affect TLR signaling and function of macrophages and DCs.

          Abstract

          Sensing of microbial pathogens and endogenous “alarmins” by macrophages and dendritic cells is reliant on pattern recognition receptors, including membrane‐associated TLRs, cytosolic nucleotide‐binding and oligomerization domain leucine‐rich repeat‐containing receptors, retinoic acid‐inducible gene I‐like receptors, and absent in melanoma 2‐like receptors. Engagement of TLRs elicits signaling pathways that activate inflammatory genes whose expression is regulated by chromatin‐modifying complexes and transcription factors. Long noncoding RNAs have emerged as new regulators of inflammatory mediators in the immune system. They are expressed in macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, and T‐ and B‐lymphocytes and are involved in immune cell differentiation and activation. Long noncoding RNAs act via repression or activation of transcription factors, modulation of stability of mRNA and microRNA, regulation of ribosome entry and translation of mRNAs, and controlling components of the epigenetic machinery. In this review, we focus on recent advances in deciphering the mechanisms by which long noncoding RNAs regulate TLR‐driven responses in macrophages and dendritic cells and discuss the involvement of long noncoding RNAs in endotoxin tolerance, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. The dissection of the role of long noncoding RNAs will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of inflammation and may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.

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          Author and article information

          Contributors
          medvedev@uchc.edu
          Journal
          J Leukoc Biol
          J. Leukoc. Biol
          10.1002/(ISSN)1938-3673
          JLB
          Journal of Leukocyte Biology
          John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
          0741-5400
          1938-3673
          10 March 2016
          June 2016
          : 99
          : 6 ( doiID: 10.1002/jlb.2016.99.issue-6 )
          : 839-850
          Affiliations
          [ 1 ]Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
          Author notes
          [*] [* ]Correspondence: Dept. of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, L Bldg., Rm. L3019, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA. E‐mail: medvedev@ 123456uchc.edu
          Article
          PMC6608019 PMC6608019 6608019 JLB0839
          10.1189/jlb.2RU1215-575R
          6608019
          26965636
          bf53a758-e8f6-4c2f-a533-3c28fb90243f
          © 2016 Society for Leukocyte Biology
          History
          : 28 December 2015
          : 18 February 2016
          : 23 February 2016
          Page count
          Figures: 3, Tables: 1, References: 157, Pages: 12, Words: 11827
          Funding
          Funded by: U.S. National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
          Award ID: R01AI059524
          Funded by: A.E.M.
          Categories
          Review
          Reviews
          Custom metadata
          2.0
          jlb0839
          June 2016
          Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.6.5 mode:remove_FC converted:03.07.2019

          macrophages,dendritic cells,inflammation
          macrophages, dendritic cells, inflammation

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