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      Review of clinical studies of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its isolated bioactive compounds

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          Abstract

          Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PMT), officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, is one of the most popular perennial Chinese traditional medicines known as He shou wu in China and East Asia, and as Fo-ti in North America. Mounting pharmacological studies have stressed out its key benefice for the treatment of various diseases and medical conditions such as liver injury, cancer, diabetes, alopecia, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases as well. International databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science citation Index and Google Scholar were searched for clinical studies recently published on P. multiflorum. Various clinical studies published articles were retrieved, providing information relevant to pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics analysis, sleep disorders, dyslipidemia treatment, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review is an effort to update the clinical picture of investigations ever carried on PMT and/or its isolated bio-compounds and to enlighten its therapeutic assessment.

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          Toxic proteins in neurodegenerative disease.

          J. Taylor (2002)
          A broad range of neurodegenerative disorders is characterized by neuronal damage that may be caused by toxic, aggregation-prone proteins. As genes are identified for these disorders and cell culture and animal models are developed, it has become clear that a major effect of mutations in these genes is the abnormal processing and accumulation of misfolded protein in neuronal inclusions and plaques. Increased understanding of the cellular mechanisms for disposal of abnormal proteins and of the effects of toxic protein accumulation on neuronal survival may allow the development of rational, effective treatment for these disorders.
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            Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues.

            F Thiebaut, T Tsuruo, H Hamada … (1987)
            Monoclonal antibody MRK16 was used to determine the location of P-glycoprotein, the product of the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1), in normal human tissues. The protein was found to be concentrated in a small number of specific sites. Most tissues examined revealed very little P-glycoprotein. However, certain cell types in liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, and jejunum showed specific localization of P-glycoprotein. In liver, P-glycoprotein was found exclusively on the biliary canalicular front of hepatocytes and on the apical surface of epithelial cells in small biliary ductules. In pancreas, P-glycoprotein was found on the apical surface of the epithelial cells of small ductules but not larger pancreatic ducts. In kidney, P-glycoprotein was found concentrated on the apical surface of epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. Colon and jejunum both showed high levels of P-glycoprotein on the apical surfaces of superficial columnar epithelial cells. Adrenal gland showed high levels of P-glycoprotein diffusely distributed on the surface of cells in both the cortex and medulla. These results suggest that the protein has a role in the normal secretion of metabolites and certain anti-cancer drugs into bile, urine, and directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.
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              Herbal medicine for depression, anxiety and insomnia: a review of psychopharmacology and clinical evidence.

              Isaac Schweitzer, C. Stough, Jerome Sarris … (2011)
              Research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased markedly over the past decades. To date however, a comprehensive review of herbal antidepressant, anxiolytic and hypnotic psychopharmacology and applications in depression, anxiety and insomnia has been absent. A search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted (up to February 21st 2011) on commonly used psychotropic herbal medicines. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain mechanisms of action of these botanicals, in addition to a systematic review of controlled clinical trials for treatment of mood, anxiety and sleep disorders, which are common comorbid psychiatric disorders. Specific emphasis was given to emerging phytomedicines. Analysis of evidence levels was conducted, as were effect sizes (Cohen's d) where data were available. Results provided evidence of a range of neurochemical, endocrinological, and epigenetic effects for 21 individual phytomedicines, which are detailed in this paper. Sixty six controlled studies were located involving eleven phytomedicines. Several of these provide a high level of evidence, such as Hypericum perforatum for major depression, and Piper methysticum for anxiety disorders. Several human clinical trials provide preliminary positive evidence of antidepressant effects (Echium amoenum, Crocus sativus, and Rhodiola rosea) and anxiolytic activity (Matricaria recutita, Ginkgo biloba, Passiflora incanata, E. amoenum, and Scutellaria lateriflora). Caution should however be taken when interpreting the results as many studies have not been replicated. Several herbal medicines with in vitro and in vivo evidence are currently unexplored in human studies, and along with use of emerging genetic technologies "herbomics", are areas of potential future research. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacognosy Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmacognosy Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PR
                Title: Pharmacognosy Research
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0976-4836
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-8490
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Sep 2015
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 225-236
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
                [2 ] Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Prof. YU Feng, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China. Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China. E-mail: yufengcpu14@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PR-7-225
                DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.157957
                PMC ID: 4471648
                SO-VID: bf75e88e-3271-47ae-af28-386dcf317659
                Copyright © Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Research
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 09 February 2015
                Date revision received : 18 February 2015
                Date accepted : 02 June 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: clinical pharmacokinetics,clinical studies,herbal hepatotoxicity,polygonum multiflorum thunb.,therapeutic assessment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: clinical pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, herbal hepatotoxicity, polygonum multiflorum thunb., therapeutic assessment

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