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      Current and Emerging Technology for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

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          Abstract

          Diabetes has become a leading cause of death worldwide. Although there is no cure for diabetes, blood glucose monitoring combined with appropriate medication can enhance treatment efficiency, alleviate the symptoms, as well as diminish the complications. For point-of-care purposes, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are considered to be the best candidates for diabetes therapy. This review focuses on current growth areas of CGM technologies, specifically focusing on subcutaneous implantable electrochemical glucose sensors. The superiority of CGM systems is introduced firstly, and then the strategies for fabrication of minimally-invasive and non-invasive CGM biosensors are discussed, respectively. Finally, we briefly outline the current status and future perspective for CGM systems.

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          Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

          Paul L Stiles, Jon Dieringer, Nilam Shah … (2008)
          The ability to control the size, shape, and material of a surface has reinvigorated the field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Because excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance of a nanostructured surface or nanoparticle lies at the heart of SERS, the ability to reliably control the surface characteristics has taken SERS from an interesting surface phenomenon to a rapidly developing analytical tool. This article first explains many fundamental features of SERS and then describes the use of nanosphere lithography for the fabrication of highly reproducible and robust SERS substrates. In particular, we review metal film over nanosphere surfaces as excellent candidates for several experiments that were once impossible with more primitive SERS substrates (e.g., metal island films). The article also describes progress in applying SERS to the detection of chemical warfare agents and several biological molecules.
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            Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.

            Leland Clark, Champ Lyons (1962)
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              Electrochemical tattoo biosensors for real-time noninvasive lactate monitoring in human perspiration.

              Wenzhao Jia, Amay J Bandodkar, Gabriela Valdés-Ramírez … (2013)
              The present work describes the first example of real-time noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise events using a flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensor that conforms to the wearer's skin. The new skin-worn enzymatic biosensor exhibits chemical selectivity toward lactate with linearity up to 20 mM and demonstrates resiliency against continuous mechanical deformation expected from epidermal wear. The device was applied successfully to human subjects for real-time continuous monitoring of sweat lactate dynamics during prolonged cycling exercise. The resulting temporal lactate profiles reflect changes in the production of sweat lactate upon varying the exercise intensity. Such skin-worn metabolite biosensors could lead to useful insights into physical performance and overall physiological status, hence offering considerable promise for diverse sport, military, and biomedical applications.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Giovanni Sparacino: Role: Academic Editor
                Andrea Facchinetti: Role: Academic Editor
                J. Hans de Vries: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): sensors
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: January 2017
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 182
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China; chencheng@ 123456sspu.edu.cn (C.C.); xlzhao@ 123456sspu.edu.cn (X.-L.Z.); zhli@ 123456sspu.edu.cn (Z.-H.L.)
                [2 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200231, China; qsh2304@ 123456163.com
                [3 ]Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; ajf@ 123456eng.cam.ac.uk
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: zgzhu@ 123456sspu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-21-5021-5021 (ext. 8325)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-17-00182
                DOI: 10.3390/s17010182
                PMC ID: 5298755
                PubMed ID: 28106820
                SO-VID: bf767b7e-1a87-4a3e-bc8f-d9f97478c088
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 October 2016
                Date accepted : 20 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring,glucose biosensor,implanted devices,mini-invasive,non-invasive
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, glucose biosensor, implanted devices, mini-invasive, non-invasive

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