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      The Promise of Molecular Imaging in the Study and Treatment of Infectious Diseases

      research-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Molecular Imaging and Biology
      Publisher: Springer US
      Keywords: Bacteria, PET, Influenza, TB, Optical imaging, Microbiome

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          Abstract

          Infectious diseases are a major threat to humanity, and it is imperative that we develop imaging tools that aid in their study, facilitate diagnosis, and guide treatment. The alarming rise of highly virulent and multi-drug-resistant pathogens, their rapid spread leading to frequent global pandemics, fears of bioterrorism, and continued life-threatening nosocomial infections in hospitals remain as major challenges to health care in the USA and worldwide. Early diagnosis and rapid monitoring are essential for appropriate management and control of infections. Tomographic molecular imaging enables rapid, noninvasive visualization, localization, and monitoring of molecular processes deep within the body and offers several advantages over traditional tools used for the study of infectious diseases. Noninvasive, longitudinal assessments could streamline animal studies, allow unique insights into disease pathogenesis, and expedite clinical translation of new therapeutics. Since molecular imaging is already in common use in the clinic, it could also become a valuable tool for clinical studies, for patient care, for public health, and for enabling precision medicine for infectious diseases.

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          Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome.

          P Rota (2003)
          In March 2003, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered in association with cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The sequence of the complete genome of SARS-CoV was determined, and the initial characterization of the viral genome is presented in this report. The genome of SARS-CoV is 29,727 nucleotides in length and has 11 open reading frames, and its genome organization is similar to that of other coronaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons showed that SARS-CoV is not closely related to any of the previously characterized coronaviruses.
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            Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a threat to global control of tuberculosis.

            Neel Gandhi, Paul Nunn, Keertan Dheda … (2010)
            Although progress has been made to reduce global incidence of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis during the past decade threatens to undermine these advances. However, countries are responding far too slowly. Of the estimated 440,000 cases of MDR tuberculosis that occurred in 2008, only 7% were identified and reported to WHO. Of these cases, only a fifth were treated according to WHO standards. Although treatment of MDR and XDR tuberculosis is possible with currently available diagnostic techniques and drugs, the treatment course is substantially more costly and laborious than for drug-susceptible tuberculosis, with higher rates of treatment failure and mortality. Nonetheless, a few countries provide examples of how existing technologies can be used to reverse the epidemic of MDR tuberculosis within a decade. Major improvements in laboratory capacity, infection control, performance of tuberculosis control programmes, and treatment regimens for both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant disease will be needed, together with a massive scale-up in diagnosis and treatment of MDR and XDR tuberculosis to prevent drug-resistant strains from becoming the dominant form of tuberculosis. New diagnostic tests and drugs are likely to become available during the next few years and should accelerate control of MDR and XDR tuberculosis. Equally important, especially in the highest-burden countries of India, China, and Russia, will be a commitment to tuberculosis control including improvements in national policies and health systems that remove financial barriers to treatment, encourage rational drug use, and create the infrastructure necessary to manage MDR tuberculosis on a national scale. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis.

              Alexander Bloom, Igor Kramnik, Hui-Hsien Pan … (2005)
              An estimated eight million people are infected each year with the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and more than two million die annually. Yet only about 10% of those infected develop tuberculosis. Genetic variation within host populations is known to be significant in humans and animals, but the nature of genetic control of host resistance to tuberculosis remains poorly understood. Previously we mapped a new genetic locus on mouse chromosome 1, designated sst1 (for supersusceptibility to tuberculosis 1). Here we show that this locus mediates innate immunity in sst1 congenic mouse strains and identify a candidate gene, Intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1), within the sst1 locus. The Ipr1 gene is upregulated in the sst1 resistant macrophages after activation and infection, but it is not expressed in the sst1 susceptible macrophages. Expression of the Ipr1 transgene in the sst1 susceptible macrophages limits the multiplication not only of M. tuberculosis but also of Listeria monocytogenes and switches a cell death pathway of the infected macrophages from necrosis to apoptosis. Our data indicate that the Ipr1 gene product might have a previously undocumented function in integrating signals generated by intracellular pathogens with mechanisms controlling innate immunity, cell death and pathogenesis.
              Article 0 comments Cited 145 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sanjay K. Jain: 410-502-8241 , sjain5@jhmi.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Imaging Biol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Imaging Biol
                Title: Molecular Imaging and Biology
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1536-1632
                ISSN (Electronic): 1860-2002
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 February 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 341-347
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, GRID grid.21107.35, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, ; 1550 Orleans Street, CRB-II, Rm 1.09, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, GRID grid.21107.35, Center for Tuberculosis Research, , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, GRID grid.21107.35, Department of Pediatrics, , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1055
                DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1055-0
                PMC ID: 5407939
                PubMed ID: 28155078
                SO-VID: bf8c3883-4663-4068-9095-b7b051e28d61
                Copyright © © World Molecular Imaging Society 2017
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000070, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering;
                Award ID: R01-EB020539
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000050, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute;
                Award ID: R01- HL131829
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000052, NIH Office of the Director;
                Award ID: DP2-OD006492
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Special Topic
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © World Molecular Imaging Society 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: bacteria,pet,influenza,tb,optical imaging,microbiome
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: bacteria, pet, influenza, tb, optical imaging, microbiome

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