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      The Biology and Immature Stages of the Moss-Eating Flea Beetle Cangshanaltica fuanensis sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini), with Description of a Fan-Driven High-Power Berlese Funnel

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          Abstract

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          The immature stages and the biology of the moss inhabiting flea beetles are poorly understood. In this study, a new species of moss-eating flea beetles— Cangshanaltica fuanensis sp. nov. is described; the morphology of the adult and immature stages is described and illustrated. The life history and remarkable biological features of this species are revealed. Females deposit one large egg at a time; egg length equals 0.4–0.5 times the female body length. Females lay and hide each egg under a spoon-shaped moss leaf. There are only two ovarioles on each side of the ovary in the female reproductive system, which has not been reported before in Chrysomelidae. Besides, a modified fan-driven Berlese funnel is designed for faster extraction of moss inhabiting flea beetles. We suggest this improved device could also be useful for collecting other ground-dwelling arthropods.

          Abstract

          The biology of the moss and leaf litter inhabiting flea beetles is poorly understood. In this study, a new species of moss-eating flea beetles Cangshanaltica fuanensis sp. nov. is described; the morphology of adult and immature stages is examined and illustrated. Its life history and biology are studied. The remarkable and unique biological features are revealed: (1) females deposit one large egg at a time, egg length equals 0.4–0.5 times the female body length, these are unusual in Chrysomelidae; (2) females have only two ovarioles on each side of the ovary, which has not been reported in other Chrysomelidae species; (3) females lay and hide each egg under a spoon-shaped moss leaf; (4) cannibalism of a second instar larva on an egg was observed. Both adults and larvae feed on moss and are polyphagous; their feces mainly consist of un-digested moss fragments; high humidity is essential for the survival of eggs and larvae and expedites the hatching. In addition, a modified fan-driven Berlese funnel is designed for faster extraction of moss inhabiting flea beetles. This device could also be used for collecting other ground-dwelling arthropods. Its working diagram is illustrated and described.

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          DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates.

          M Beier (1966)
          We describe "universal" DNA primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 710-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) from 11 invertebrate phyla: Echinodermata, Mollusca, Annelida, Pogonophora, Arthropoda, Nemertinea, Echiura, Sipuncula, Platyhelminthes, Tardigrada, and Coelenterata, as well as the putative phylum Vestimentifera. Preliminary comparisons revealed that these COI primers generate informative sequences for phylogenetic analyses at the species and higher taxonomic levels.
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            Causes and consequences of cannibalism in noncarnivorous insects.

            We review the primary literature to document the incidence of cannibalism among insects that typically are not carnivorous. Most of the cannibalistic species were coleopterans and lepidopterans, and the cannibals often were juveniles that aggregate or that overlap in phenology with the egg stage. Cannibalism can be adaptive by improving growth rate, survivorship, vigor, longevity, and fecundity. It also can play an important role in regulating population density and suppressing population outbreaks, stabilizing host plant-insect relationships, and reducing parasitism rates. Cannibalism often was favored by density-dependent factors for herbivores that feed in concealed feeding situations (such as stem borers, leafminers), but also by density-independent factors (such as high ambient temperature) for herbivores that feed in exposed feeding situations.
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              OVARIOLE NUMBERS IN COLEOPTERA

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Insects
                Insects
                insects
                Insects
                MDPI
                2075-4450
                26 August 2020
                September 2020
                : 11
                : 9
                : 571
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
                [2 ]Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA; alex.konstantinov@ 123456ars.usda.gov
                [3 ]Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; albert.damaska@ 123456natur.cuni.cz
                Author notes
                Article
                insects-11-00571
                10.3390/insects11090571
                7565706
                32858783
                bf8fe195-7cdc-4059-a60e-cd700e800774
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 July 2020
                : 20 August 2020
                Categories
                Article

                berlese extraction,berlese-tullgren funnel,biodiversity,bryobiont,china,larva,moss inhabiting

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