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      Person-Message Fit: Racial Identification Moderates the Benefits of Multicultural and Colorblind Diversity Approaches

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          Abstract

          Although diversity approaches attempt to foster inclusion, one size may not fit all. In five studies, African Americans ( N = 1,316), who varied in strength of racial identification, contemplated interviewing at a company with a multicultural or colorblind approach. Participants in the multicultural condition anticipated pressure to be prototypical group members relative to colorblind and control conditions. Only weakly identified participants reacted to this pressure, experiencing more anxiety and inauthenticity in the multicultural relative to colorblind (not control) company. Strongly identified participants experienced less anxiety and inauthenticity in the multicultural relative to colorblind and control companies. Inauthenticity among weakly identified participants was apparent in self-descriptions and linked with worse hiring outcomes in multicultural relative to colorblind and control contexts. Despite predictions, there were no self-stereotyping effects. Diversity approaches that make some group members more comfortable may prove simultaneously constraining for others, highlighting the complexity in how diversity approaches affect individuals.

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          A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research.

          Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is a widely used reliability index in test-retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability analyses. This article introduces the basic concept of ICC in the content of reliability analysis.
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            The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

            A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.
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              A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One's Social Identity

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pers Soc Psychol Bull
                Pers Soc Psychol Bull
                PSP
                sppsp
                Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                0146-1672
                1552-7433
                15 September 2020
                June 2021
                : 47
                : 6
                : 873-890
                Affiliations
                [1 ]University of Exeter, UK
                [2 ]University of Washington, Seattle, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Teri A. Kirby, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Labs, Perry Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QG, UK. Email: t.kirby@ 123456exeter.ac.uk
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-7027
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7847-042X
                Article
                10.1177_0146167220948707
                10.1177/0146167220948707
                8107502
                32930037
                bf932cc3-ff07-46f7-aec6-d8ab79e31b76
                © 2020 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 10 September 2019
                : 11 July 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/100000088;
                Award ID: Graduate Research Fellowship
                Funded by: Economic and Social Research Council, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000269;
                Award ID: ES/S00274X/1
                Categories
                Articles
                Custom metadata
                ts1

                racial identity,self/identity,prejudice/stereotyping,organizational behavior,intergroup processes,multicultural,colorblind,diversity,inclusion,self-stereotyping

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