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      Lactobacillus plantarum And Inulin: Therapeutic Agents to Enhance Cardiac Ob Receptor Expression and Suppress Cardiac Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

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          Abstract

          Background

          T2DM may cause increased levels of oxidative stress and cardiac apoptosis through elevated blood glucose. The present study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum ( L. plantarum) as a probiotic strain and inulin as a prebiotic supplement on cardiac oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats.

          Methods

          A high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetes. The rats were divided into six groups which were supplemented with L. plantarum, inulin, or their combination for 8 weeks.

          Results

          The results showed improved activity of cardiac antioxidant parameters including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) ( P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively) and decreased level of cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration ( P < 0.05). These changes were accompanied with increased protein expression of cardiac obesity receptor (Ob-R) ( P = 0.05) and reduced apoptotic markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), Fas ligand (FasL), and caspase proteins ( P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.01, respectively) in T2DM rats after concurrent L. plantarum and inulin supplementation. Moreover, a remarkable correlation of cardiac Ob-R and oxidative stress parameters with cardiac apoptotic markers was observed ( P < 0.01).

          Conclusion

          The concurrent use of L. plantarum and inulin seems to be beneficial, as they can lead to decreased heart complications of T2DM via reducing cardiac apoptotic markers.

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          Most cited references55

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          A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates.

          1. A new method has been developed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity of body fluids and drug solutions, based on the absorbance of the ABTS.+ radical cation. 2. An automated method for use on a centrifugal analyser, as well as a manual method, is described. 3. The procedure has been applied to physiological antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging drugs, and an antioxidant ranking was established based on their reactivity relative to a 1.0 mmol/l Trolox standard. 4. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of plasma from an adult reference population has been measured, and the method optimized and validated. 5. The method has been applied to investigate the total plasma antioxidant capacity of neonates and how this may be compromised in prematurity.
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            Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening.

            The objective of the present study was to develop a rat model that replicates the natural history and metabolic characteristics of human type 2 diabetes and is also suitable for pharmacological screening. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (160-180 g) were divided into two groups and fed with commercially available normal pellet diet (NPD) (12% calories as fat) or in-house prepared high-fat diet (HFD) (58% calories as fat), respectively, for a period of 2 weeks. The HFD-fed rats exhibited significant increase in body weight, basal plasma glucose (PGL), insulin (PI), triglycerides (PTG) and total cholesterol (PTC) levels as compared to NPD-fed control rats. Besides, the HFD rats showed significant reduction in glucose disappearance rate (K-value) on intravenous insulin glucose tolerance test (IVIGTT). Hyperinsulinemia together with reduced glucose disappearance rate (K-value) suggested that the feeding of HFD-induced insulin resistance in rats. After 2 weeks of dietary manipulation, a subset of the rats from both groups was injected intraperitoneally with low dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg kg(-1)). Insulin-resistant HFD-fed rats developed frank hyperglycemia upon STZ injection that, however, caused only mild elevation in PGL in NPD-fed rats. Though there was significant reduction in PI level after STZ injection in HFD rats, the reduction observed was only to a level that was comparable with NPD-fed control rats. In addition, the levels of PTG and PTC were further accentuated after STZ treatment in HFD-fed rats. In contrast, STZ (35 mg kg(-1), i.p.) failed to significantly alter PI, PTG and PTC levels in NPD-fed rats. Thus, these fat-fed/STZ-treated rats simulate natural disease progression and metabolic characteristics typical of individuals at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes because of insulin resistance and obesity. Further, the fat-fed/STZ-treated rats were found to be sensitive for glucose lowering effects of insulin sensitizing (pioglitazone) as well as insulinotropic (glipizide) agents. Besides, the effect of pioglitazone and glipizide on the plasma lipid parameters (PTG and PTC) was shown in these diabetic rats. The present study represents that the combination of HFD-fed and low-dose STZ-treated rat serves as an alternative animal model for type 2 diabetes simulating the human syndrome that is also suitable for testing anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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              Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.

              Long-term trends in excess risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes have not been extensively studied in persons with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Diabetes Res
                J Diabetes Res
                JDR
                Journal of Diabetes Research
                Hindawi
                2314-6745
                2314-6753
                2020
                15 May 2020
                : 2020
                : 4745389
                Affiliations
                1Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                2Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                3Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                4Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                5Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                6Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Jonathan M. Peterson

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-9073
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-2918
                Article
                10.1155/2020/4745389
                7246403
                32509880
                bfe8c116-c194-45fa-8a5b-f54597384ff5
                Copyright © 2020 Safa Sefidgari-Abrasi et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 31 January 2020
                : 23 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
                Categories
                Research Article

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