A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes

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Abstract

Background

Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content, and estimates of population exposure to this content, in a sample of reality television programmes broadcast in the UK.

Methods

We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes of five reality TV programmes aired between January and August 2018 ( Celebrity Big Brother; Made in Chelsea; The Only Way is Essex; Geordie Shore and Love Island), and estimated population exposure using viewing data and UK population estimates.

Results

We coded 5219 intervals from 112 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 110 (2%) intervals in 20 (18%) episodes, and alcohol in 2212 (42%) intervals and in all episodes. The programmes delivered approximately 214 million tobacco gross impressions to the UK population, including 47.37 million to children; and for alcohol, 4.9 billion and 580 million respectively.

Conclusion

Tobacco, and especially alcohol, content is common in reality TV. The popularity of these programmes with young people, and consequent exposure to tobacco and alcohol imagery, represents a potentially major driver of smoking and alcohol consumption.

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Most cited references 23

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Relationship between body image disturbance and incidence of depression: the SUN prospective cohort

Adriano Pimenta, Almudena Sánchez-Villegas, Maira Bes-Rastrollo … (2009)

Background Body image disturbance is an increasing problem in Western societies and is associated with a number of mental health outcomes including anorexia, bulimia, body dysmorphia, and depression. The aim of this study was to assess the association between body image disturbance and the incidence of depression. Methods This study included 10,286 participants from a dynamic prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates, who were followed-up for a median period of 4.2 years (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra – the SUN study). The key characteristic of the study is the permanently open recruitment that started in 1999. The baseline questionnaire included information about body mass index (BMI) and the nine figure schemes that were used to assess body size perception. These variables were grouped according to recommended classifications and the difference between BMI and body size perception was considered as a proxy of body image disturbance. A subject was classified as an incident case of depression if he/she was initially free of depression and reported a physician-made diagnosis of depression and/or the use of antidepressant medication in at least one of the follow-up questionnaires. The association between body image disturbance and the incidence of depression was estimated by calculating the multivariable adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI), using logistic regression models. Results The cumulative incidence of depression during follow-up in the cohort was 4.8%. Men who underestimated their body size had a high percentage of overweight and obesity (50.1% and 12.6%, respectively), whereas women who overestimated their body size had a high percentage of underweight (87.6%). The underestimation exhibited a negative association with the incidence of depression among women (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.54 – 0.95), but this effect disappeared after adjusting for possible confounding variables. The proportion of participants who correctly perceived their body size was high (53.3%) and gross misperception was seldom found, with most cases selecting only one silhouette below (42.7%) or above (2.6%) their actual BMI. Conclusion We found no association between body image disturbance and subsequent depression in a cohort of university graduates in Spain.

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Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: a cohort study over seven years.

Glenn Bowes, B Carlin, Carolyn Coffey … (2004)

To determine whether adolescent alcohol use and/or other adolescent health risk behaviour predisposes to alcohol dependence in young adulthood. Seven-wave cohort study over 6 years. A community sample of almost two thousand individuals followed from ages 14-15 to 20-21 years. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual volume IV (DSM-IV) alcohol dependence in participants aged 20-21 years and drinking three or more times a week. Approximately 90% of participants consumed alcohol by age 20 years, 4.7% fulfilling DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria. Alcohol dependence in young adults was preceded by higher persisting teenage rates of frequent drinking [odds ratio (OR) 8.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.2, 16], binge drinking (OR 6.7, 95% CI 3.6, 12), alcohol-related injuries (OR 4.5 95% CI 1.9, 11), intense drinking (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.6, 8.7), high dose tobacco use (OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.3, 13) and antisocial behaviour (OR 5.9, 95% CI 3.3, 11). After adjustment for other teenage predictors frequent drinking (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2, 7.7) and antisocial behaviour (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2, 5.1) held persisting independent associations with later alcohol dependence. There were no prospective associations found with emotional disturbance in adolescence. Teenage drinking patterns and other health risk behaviours in adolescence predicted alcohol dependence in adulthood. Prevention and early intervention initiatives to reduce longer-term alcohol-related harm therefore need to address the factors, including alcohol supply, that influence teenage consumption and in particular high-risk drinking patterns.

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The burden of smoking-related ill health in the UK.

S Allender, R Balakrishnan, P Scarborough … (2009)

Smoking is one of the biggest avoidable causes of morbidity and mortality in the United Kingdom. This paper quantifies the current health and economic burden of smoking in the UK. It provides comparisons with previous studies of the burden of smoking in the UK and with the costs for other chronic disease risk factors. A systematic literature review to identify previous estimates of National Health Service costs attributable to smoking was undertaken. Information from the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease Project and routinely collected mortality data were used to calculate mortality due to smoking in the UK. Population-attributable fractions for smoking-related diseases from the Global Burden of Disease Project were applied to NHS cost data to estimate direct financial costs. Previous studies estimated that smoking costs the NHS about 1.4 billion to 1.7 billion pound in 1991 and has been responsible for about 100,000 deaths per annum over the past 10 years. This paper estimates that the number of deaths attributable to smoking in 2005 was 109,164 (19% of all deaths, 27% deaths in men and 11% of deaths in women). Smoking was directly responsible for 12% of disability adjusted life years lost in 2002 (15.4% in men; 8.5% in women) and the direct cost to the NHS was 5.2 billion pound in 2005-6. Smoking is still a considerable public health burden in the UK. Accurately establishing the burden in terms of death, disability and financial costs is important for informing national public health policy.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Alexander B Barker:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-5114

Role: Research Fellow

John Britton: Role: Professor of Epidemiology; Director, UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies

Emily Thomson: Role: Inspire Summer Research Internship Programme (INSRIP) Medical Student

Abby Hunter:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-6918

Role: Senior Research Fellow

Magdalena Opazo Breton: Role: Research Fellow

Rachael L Murray: Role: Associate Professor in Health Policy

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Public Health (Oxf)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Public Health (Oxf)

Journal ID (publisher-id): pubmed

Title: Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England)

Publisher: Oxford University Press

ISSN (Print): 1741-3842

ISSN (Electronic): 1741-3850

Publication date (Print): August 2020

Publication date (Electronic): 17 June 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 17 June 2019

Volume: 42

Issue: 3

Pages: 561-569

Affiliations

UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies , Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK

Author notes

Address correspondence to Alexander B Barker, E-mail: alexander.barker@ 123456nottingham.ac.uk

Author information

Alexander B Barker http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4568-5114

Abby Hunter http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6533-6918

Article

Publisher ID: fdz043

DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz043

PMC ID: 7435217

PubMed ID: 31207612

SO-VID: c026a055-b477-42db-bb0d-269656848e2e

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 04 October 2018

Date revision received : 08 February 2019

Date accepted : 29 March 2019

Page count

Pages: 9

Funding

Funded by: Medical Research Council, DOI 10.13039/501100000265;

Award ID: MR/K023195/1

Funded by: British Heart Foundation, DOI 10.13039/501100000274;

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A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes

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Abstract

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Tobacco Prevention & Cessation

Most cited references 23

Relationship between body image disturbance and incidence of depression: the SUN prospective cohort

Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: a cohort study over seven years.

The burden of smoking-related ill health in the UK.

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