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      First report of the exotic blue land planarian, Caenoplana coerulea (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae), on Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          In April 2009 two specimens of a terrestrial flatworm were collected from under a rock in an orchard at Ciutadella de Menorca on the easternmost Balearic island of Menorca (Spain). Their external morphology suggested that both specimens belonged to the invasive blue planarian Caenoplana coerulea , a species which is native to eastern Australia. Sequence data of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA confirm its identification. This is one of the first records of the species in Europe where it has only been found in one locality in the United Kingdom, France and NE Spain.

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          Evidence that two types of 18S rDNA coexist in the genome of Dugesia (Schmidtea) mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladida).

          Jaume Baguñà, S Carranza, M Riutort … (1996)
          Sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) are increasingly being used to infer phylogenetic relationships among living taxa. Although the 18S rDNA belongs to a multigene family, all its copies are kept homogeneous by concerted evolution (Dover 1982; Hillis and Dixon 1991). To date, there is only one well-characterized exception to this rule, the protozoan Plasmodium (Gunderson et al. 1987; Waters, Syin, and McCutchan 1989; Qari et al. 1994). Here we report the 1st case of 18S rDNA polymorphism within a metazoan species. Two types (I and II) of 18S rDNA have been found and sequenced in the platyhelminth Dugesia (Schmidtea) mediterranea (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida). Southern blot analysis suggested that both types of rDNA are present in the genome of this flatworm. This was confirmed through sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method and bootstrap test. Although secondary structure analysis suggests that both types are functional, only type I seems to be transcribed to RNA, as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. The finding of different types of 18S rDNAs in a single genome stresses the need for analyzing a large number of clones whenever 18S sequences obtained by PCR amplification and cloning are being used in phylogenetic reconstruction.
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            Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): from freshwater to land and back.

            Jaume Baguñà, Marta Riutort, Marta Álvarez-Presas (2008)
            The suborder Tricladida (phylum Platyhelminthes) comprises the well-known free-living flatworms, taxonomically grouped into three infraorders according to their ecology: Maricola (marine planarians), Paludicola (freshwater planarians), and Terricola (land planarians). Molecular analyses have demonstrated that the Paludicola are paraphyletic, the Terricola being the sister group of one of the three paludicolan families, the Dugesiidae. However, neither 18S rDNA nor COI based trees have been able to resolve the relationships among species of Terricola and Dugesiidae, particularly the monophyly of Terricola. Here, we present new molecular data including sequences of nuclear genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) and a mitochondrial gene (COI) of a wider sample of dugesiid and terricolan species. The new sequences have been analyzed, together with those previously obtained, in independent and concatenated analyses using maximum likelihood and bayesian methods. The results show that, although some parts of the trees remain poorly resolved, they support a monophyletic origin for Terricola followed by a likely return of some species to freshwater habitats. Relationships within the monophyletic group of Dugesiidae are clearly resolved, and relationships among some terricolan subfamilies are also clearly established and point to the need for a thorough revision of Terricola taxonomy.
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              Predation behaviour of land planarians

              Robert E. Ogren (1995)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 June 2012
                Issue: 199
                Pages: 91-105
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
                [2 ]Institut Catala de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, edifici ICP Campus de la UAB, s/n 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
                [4 ]Joint Experimental Molecular Unit, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
                [5 ]Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Thierry Backeljau ( Thierry.Backeljau@ 123456naturalsciences.be )

                Academic editor: David Gibson

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.199.3215
                PMC ID: 3368283
                PubMed ID: 22711997
                SO-VID: c03a874a-0072-497a-a08c-09a75401e7a3
                Copyright © Karin Breugelmans, Josep Quintana Cardona, Tom Artois, Kurt Jordaens, Thierry Backeljau
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 (CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 10 April 2012
                Date accepted : 15 May 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: terrestrial flatworm,molecular identification,coi,spain,europe,18s rdna,introduction,balearic islands
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: terrestrial flatworm, molecular identification, coi, spain, europe, 18s rdna, introduction, balearic islands

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