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      Mixed Effects of Habitat Degradation and Resources on Hantaviruses in Sympatric Wild Rodent Reservoirs within a Neotropical Forest

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          Abstract

          Understanding the ecology of rodent-borne hantaviruses is critical to assessing the risk of spillover to humans. Longitudinal surveys have suggested that hantaviral prevalence in a given host population is tightly linked to rodent ecology and correlates with changes in the species composition of a rodent community over time and/or habitat composition. We tested two hypotheses to identify whether resource addition and/or habitat composition may affect hantavirus prevalence among two sympatric reservoir hosts in a neotropical forest: (i) increased food resources will alter the rodent community and thus hantaviral prevalence; and (ii) host abundance and viral seroprevalence will be associated with habitat composition. We established a baseline of rodent–virus prevalence in three grid pairs of distinct habitat compositions and subjected one grid of each pair to resource augmentation. Increased rodent species diversity was observed on grids where food was added versus untreated control grids during the first post-treatment sampling session. Resource augmentation changed species community composition, yet it did not affect the prevalence of hantavirus in the host population over time, nor was there evidence of a dilution effect. Secondly, we show that the prevalence of the virus in the respective reservoir hosts was associated with habitat composition at two spatial levels, independent of resource addition, supporting previous findings that habitat composition is a primary driver of the prevalence of hantaviruses in the neotropics.

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          Simultaneous inference in general parametric models.

          Simultaneous inference is a common problem in many areas of application. If multiple null hypotheses are tested simultaneously, the probability of rejecting erroneously at least one of them increases beyond the pre-specified significance level. Simultaneous inference procedures have to be used which adjust for multiplicity and thus control the overall type I error rate. In this paper we describe simultaneous inference procedures in general parametric models, where the experimental questions are specified through a linear combination of elemental model parameters. The framework described here is quite general and extends the canonical theory of multiple comparison procedures in ANOVA models to linear regression problems, generalized linear models, linear mixed effects models, the Cox model, robust linear models, etc. Several examples using a variety of different statistical models illustrate the breadth of the results. For the analyses we use the R add-on package multcomp, which provides a convenient interface to the general approach adopted here. Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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            Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, kappa and the true skill statistic (TSS)

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              A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease.

              Hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. The spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the Americas. In this review, current concepts regarding the ecology of and disease associated with these serious human pathogens are presented. Priorities for future research suggest an integration of the ecology and evolution of these and other host-virus ecosystems through modeling and hypothesis-driven research with the risk of emergence, host switching/spillover, and disease transmission to humans.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Viruses
                Viruses
                viruses
                Viruses
                MDPI
                1999-4915
                09 January 2021
                January 2021
                : 13
                : 1
                : 85
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Jeremy.Camp@ 123456meduniwien.ac.at
                [2 ]Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; bspruill@ 123456uthsc.edu (B.S.-H.); ewilli99@ 123456uthsc.edu (E.P.W.)
                [3 ]Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica, Asunción C.P. 1371, Paraguay; rowen@ 123456pla.net.py
                [4 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
                [5 ]Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; carles.sola.riera@ 123456ki.se
                [6 ]Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; gill2g@ 123456hotmail.com (G.E.); asawye11@ 123456vols.utk.edu (A.M.S.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: cjonsson@ 123456uthsc.edu
                [†]

                Current affiliation: Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9040-5786
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9683-0353
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0862-2237
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-7672
                Article
                viruses-13-00085
                10.3390/v13010085
                7827808
                33435494
                c04985ce-f175-4efd-91eb-6d4d6a00cd75
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 December 2020
                : 06 January 2021
                Categories
                Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                dilution effect,hantaviruses,interior atlantic forest,resource augmentation,species diversity

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