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      International Journal of COPD (submit here)

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      The Burden Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) In Finland: Impact Of Disease Severity And Eosinophil Count On Healthcare Resource Utilization

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The burden associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is substantial. The objectives of this study were to describe healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and HCRU-associated costs in patients with COPD in Finland, according to disease severity and blood eosinophil count (BEC).

          Patients and methods

          This non-interventional, retrospective registry study (GSK ID: HO-17-17558) utilized data from the specialist care hospital register. Data extraction was from first hospital visit with a COPD diagnosis (index date) from January 1, 2004 until December 31, 2015 or death. Patients (aged >18 years with ≥1 report of post-bronchodilation forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <0.7) were categorized as having non-severe or severe COPD (FEV 1 >50% or ≤50% of reference, respectively). Patients who were initially non-severe but progressed to severe were classified as having progressing COPD. Patients without spirometry registry data were classified as having clinically verified COPD. Patients were grouped according to BEC (≥300 cells/μL, <300 cells/μL or BEC unknown). HCRU, estimated associated costs and mortality were evaluated according to COPD severity and BEC.

          Results

          There were 9042 patients with COPD; 340 non-severe, 326 progressing, 394 severe, and 7982 clinically verified. BEC was available for 31.8% of patients. The mean follow-up time was 3.7–6.5 years in the classified patient-groups. All-cause mortality was 46% during follow-up. Severe COPD was associated with more COPD-related HCRU and higher mortality than non-severe COPD. Patients with BEC ≥300 cells/μL had higher overall HCRU but improved survival compared with those with BEC <300 cells/μL. Overall direct costs were similar across COPD severity categories, 3300–3900€/patient-year, although COPD-related costs were higher in patients with severe versus non-severe COPD.

          Conclusion

          This study demonstrated a substantial burden associated with severe and/or eosinophilic COPD for patients in Finland.

          Most cited references14

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          Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

          Although we know that exacerbations are key events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), our understanding of their frequency, determinants, and effects is incomplete. In a large observational cohort, we tested the hypothesis that there is a frequent-exacerbation phenotype of COPD that is independent of disease severity. We analyzed the frequency and associations of exacerbation in 2138 patients enrolled in the Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) study. Exacerbations were defined as events that led a care provider to prescribe antibiotics or corticosteroids (or both) or that led to hospitalization (severe exacerbations). Exacerbation frequency was observed over a period of 3 years. Exacerbations became more frequent (and more severe) as the severity of COPD increased; exacerbation rates in the first year of follow-up were 0.85 per person for patients with stage 2 COPD (with stage defined in accordance with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stages), 1.34 for patients with stage 3, and 2.00 for patients with stage 4. Overall, 22% of patients with stage 2 disease, 33% with stage 3, and 47% with stage 4 had frequent exacerbations (two or more in the first year of follow-up). The single best predictor of exacerbations, across all GOLD stages, was a history of exacerbations. The frequent-exacerbation phenotype appeared to be relatively stable over a period of 3 years and could be predicted on the basis of the patient's recall of previous treated events. In addition to its association with more severe disease and prior exacerbations, the phenotype was independently associated with a history of gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn, poorer quality of life, and elevated white-cell count. Although exacerbations become more frequent and more severe as COPD progresses, the rate at which they occur appears to reflect an independent susceptibility phenotype. This has implications for the targeting of exacerbation-prevention strategies across the spectrum of disease severity. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00292552.)
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            Blood Eosinophils and Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The Copenhagen General Population Study.

            Whether high blood eosinophils are associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations among individuals with COPD in the general population is largely unknown.
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              Impact of COPD in North America and Europe in 2000: subjects' perspective of Confronting COPD International Survey.

              To date, no international surveys estimating the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the general population have been published. The Confronting COPD International Survey aimed to quantify morbidity and burden in COPD subjects in 2000. From a total of 201,921 households screened by random-digit dialling in the USA, Canada, France, Italy, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and the UK, 3,265 subjects with a diagnosis of COPD, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, or with symptoms of chronic bronchitis, were identified. The mean age of the subjects was 63.3 yrs and 44.2% were female. Subjects with COPD in North America and Europe appear to underestimate their morbidity, as shown by the high proportion of subjects with limitations to their basic daily life activities, frequent work loss (45.3% of COPD subjects of <65 yrs reported work loss in the past year) and frequent use of health services (13.8% of subjects required emergency care in the last year), and may be undertreated. There was a significant disparity between subjects' perception of disease severity and the degree of severity indicated by an objective breathlessness scale. Of those with the most severe breathlessness (too breathless to leave the house), 35.8% described their condition as mild or moderate, as did 60.3% of those with the next most severe degree of breathlessness (breathless after walking a few minutes on level ground). This international survey confirmed the great burden to society and high individual morbidity associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in subjects in North America and Europe.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                COPD
                copd
                International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                Dove
                1176-9106
                1178-2005
                25 October 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 2409-2421
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
                [2 ]Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku , Turku, Finland
                [3 ]Medaffcon Oy , Espoo, Finland
                [4 ]Auria Biobank, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
                [5 ]University of Turku , Turku, Finland
                [6 ]GSK , Espoo, Finland
                [7 ]Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Arja Viinanen Division of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Turku University Hospital , TurkuFI-20014, FinlandTel +358 23133319 Email Arja.Viinanen@tyks.fi
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4990-6228
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-2265
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3762-5357
                Article
                222581
                10.2147/COPD.S222581
                6818542
                31749614
                c063cbc8-bffb-461b-a843-5f03bbae0098
                © 2019 Viinanen et al.

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                : 09 July 2019
                : 23 September 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, References: 24, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Original Research

                Respiratory medicine
                severe copd,severe eosinophilic copd,prevalence,healthcare costs,mortality
                Respiratory medicine
                severe copd, severe eosinophilic copd, prevalence, healthcare costs, mortality

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