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      Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169 + and TCR + Macrophages

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          Abstract

          Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism’s integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169 + macrophages, and the recently named TCR + macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.

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          Most cited references117

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          The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism.

          Notch signaling regulates many aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Accordingly, the misregulation or loss of Notch signaling underlies a wide range of human disorders, from developmental syndromes to adult-onset diseases and cancer. Notch signaling is remarkably robust in most tissues even though each Notch molecule is irreversibly activated by proteolysis and signals only once without amplification by secondary messenger cascades. In this Review, we highlight recent studies in Notch signaling that reveal new molecular details about the regulation of ligand-mediated receptor activation, receptor proteolysis, and target selection.
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            Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.

            A panel of antigen-specific mouse helper T cell clones was characterized according to patterns of lymphokine activity production, and two types of T cell were distinguished. Type 1 T helper cells (TH1) produced IL 2, interferon-gamma, GM-CSF, and IL 3 in response to antigen + presenting cells or to Con A, whereas type 2 helper T cells (TH2) produced IL 3, BSF1, and two other activities unique to the TH2 subset, a mast cell growth factor distinct from IL 3 and a T cell growth factor distinct from IL 2. Clones representing each type of T cell were characterized, and the pattern of lymphokine activities was consistent within each set. The secreted proteins induced by Con A were analyzed by biosynthetic labeling and SDS gel electrophoresis, and significant differences were seen between the two groups of T cell line. Both types of T cell grew in response to alternating cycles of antigen stimulation, followed by growth in IL 2-containing medium. Examples of both types of T cell were also specific for or restricted by the I region of the MHC, and the surface marker phenotype of the majority of both types was Ly-1+, Lyt-2-, L3T4+, Both types of helper T cell could provide help for B cells, but the nature of the help differed. TH1 cells were found among examples of T cell clones specific for chicken RBC and mouse alloantigens. TH2 cells were found among clones specific for mouse alloantigens, fowl gamma-globulin, and KLH. The relationship between these two types of T cells and previously described subsets of T helper cells is discussed.
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              Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life.

              Microgliosis is a common response to multiple types of damage in the CNS. However, the origin of the cells involved in this process is still controversial and the relative importance of local expansion versus recruitment of microglia progenitors from the bloodstream is unclear. Here, we investigated the origin of microglia using chimeric animals obtained by parabiosis. We found no evidence of microglia progenitor recruitment from the circulation in denervation or CNS neurodegenerative disease, suggesting that maintenance and local expansion of microglia are solely dependent on the self-renewal of CNS resident cells in these models.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/206562
                URI : http://frontiersin.org/people/u/238928
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                26 May 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 263
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva , Geneva, Switzerland
                [2] 2Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas , Mexico City, Mexico
                Author notes

                Edited by: Uday Kishore, Brunel University London, UK

                Reviewed by: Robert Adam Harris, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France

                *Correspondence: Leslie Chávez-Galán, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, 1, Rue Michel-Servet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland, leslie.chavezgalan@ 123456unige.ch , lchavez_galan@ 123456iner.gob.mx

                Specialty section: This article was submitted to Molecular Innate Immunity, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263
                4443739
                26074923
                c06d8e83-91bd-48fd-a294-f5c19c1c6fd2
                Copyright © 2015 Chávez-Galán, Olleros, Vesin and Garcia.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 26 January 2015
                : 12 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 167, Pages: 15, Words: 13509
                Funding
                Funded by: LCG
                Award ID: 207760
                Funded by: Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Mexico
                Funded by: FNS
                Award ID: 31-46833
                Categories
                Immunology
                Review

                Immunology
                monocytes,macrophages,m1/m2 polarization,tam generation,pathologies
                Immunology
                monocytes, macrophages, m1/m2 polarization, tam generation, pathologies

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