Evaluation of glyphosate and AMPA in honey by water extraction followed by ion chromatography mass spectrometry. A pilot monitoring study

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Abstract

Two straightforward methods for glyphosate and AMPA analysis in honey through ion chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap accurate high-resolution mass spectrometry as well as their application to real samples are presented. The sample preparation step is accomplished through dilution with methanol–water or water. No pH adjustment is necessary. Recoveries were in the range 80 to 110% with RSDs < 20%. The LOQ of glyphosate was 0.005 mg kg ⁻¹, far below the allowed EU-MRL (0.05 mg kg ⁻¹) in honey, showing a linear range of 0.005–0.5 mg kg ⁻¹ and medium matrix effect. LOQ of AMPA was 0.02 mg kg ⁻¹. Glyphosate quantitation was performed with internal or external calibration yielding identical results, thus broadening the applicability of the method as isotopically labelled standards are no longer mandatory. The method was applied to 32 honey samples from different origins. Glyphosate was found in 81% of the samples and 41% were above the EU-MRL showing its applicability in routine work. AMPA was not detected in any of the samples.

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Glyphosate perturbs the gut microbiota of honey bees

Erick V S Motta, Kasie Raymann, Nancy Moran (2018)

Significance Increased mortality of honey bee colonies has been attributed to several factors but is not fully understood. The herbicide glyphosate is expected to be innocuous to animals, including bees, because it targets an enzyme only found in plants and microorganisms. However, bees rely on a specialized gut microbiota that benefits growth and provides defense against pathogens. Most bee gut bacteria contain the enzyme targeted by glyphosate, but vary in whether they possess susceptible versions and, correspondingly, in tolerance to glyphosate. Exposing bees to glyphosate alters the bee gut community and increases susceptibility to infection by opportunistic pathogens. Understanding how glyphosate impacts bee gut symbionts and bee health will help elucidate a possible role of this chemical in colony decline.

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Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide.

Stephen B. Powles, Stephen Duke (2008)

Since its commercial introduction in 1974, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] has become the dominant herbicide worldwide. There are several reasons for its success. Glyphosate is a highly effective broad-spectrum herbicide, yet it is very toxicologically and environmentally safe. Glyphosate translocates well, and its action is slow enough to take advantage of this. Glyphosate is the only herbicide that targets 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), so there are no competing herbicide analogs or classes. Since glyphosate became a generic compound, its cost has dropped dramatically. Perhaps the most important aspect of the success of glyphosate has been the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops in 1996. Almost 90% of all transgenic crops grown worldwide are glyphosate resistant, and the adoption of these crops is increasing at a steady pace. Glyphosate/glyphosate-resistant crop weed management offers significant environmental and other benefits over the technologies that it replaces. The use of this virtually ideal herbicide is now being threatened by the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Adoption of resistance management practices will be required to maintain the benefits of glyphosate technologies for future generations. Copyright (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.