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      Peacekeeping, Compliance with International Norms, and Transactional Sex in Monrovia, Liberia

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          Abstract

          United Nations policy forbids its peacekeepers and other personnel from engaging in transactional sex (the exchange of money, favors, or gifts for sex), but we find the behavior to be very common in our survey of Liberian women. Using satellite imagery and GPS locators, we randomly selected 1,381 households and randomly sampled 475 women between the ages of eighteen and thirty. Using an iPod in private to preserve the anonymity of their responses, these women answered sensitive questions about their sexual histories. More than half of them had engaged in transactional sex, a large majority of them (more than 75 percent) with UN personnel. We estimate that each additional battalion of UN peacekeepers caused a significant increase in a woman's probability of engaging in her first transactional sex. Our findings raise the concern that the private actions of UN personnel in the field may set back the UN's broader gender-equality and economic development goals, and raise broader questions about compliance with international norms.

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          Most cited references24

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          Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment

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            Explaining Rape during Civil War: Cross-National Evidence (1980–2009)

            Dara Cohen (2013)
            Why do some armed groups commit massive wartime rape, whereas others never do? Using an original dataset, I describe the substantial variation in rape by armed actors during recent civil wars and test a series of competing causal explanations. I find evidence that the recruitment mechanism is associated with the occurrence of wartime rape. Specifically, the findings support an argument about wartime rape as a method of socialization, in which armed groups that recruit by force—through abduction or pressganging—use rape to create unit cohesion. State weakness and insurgent contraband funding are also associated with increased wartime rape by rebel groups. I examine observable implications of the argument in a brief case study of the Sierra Leone civil war. The results challenge common explanations for wartime rape, with important implications for scholars and policy makers.
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              The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                applab
                International Organization
                Int Org
                Cambridge University Press (CUP)
                0020-8183
                1531-5088
                2017
                October 5 2016
                : 71
                : 01
                : 1-30
                Article
                10.1017/S0020818316000242
                c093e316-8ec6-450d-b2ae-71d009227330
                © 2016
                History

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