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      MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool in human and veterinary helminthology: a systematic review

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          Abstract

          Background

          Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a widely used technique for the rapid and accurate identification of bacteria, mycobacteria and certain fungal pathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Thus far, only few attempts have been made to apply the technique in clinical parasitology, particularly regarding helminth identification.

          Methods

          We systematically reviewed the scientific literature on studies pertaining to MALDI-TOF MS as a diagnostic technique for helminths (cestodes, nematodes and trematodes) of medical and veterinary importance. Readily available electronic databases (i.e. PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to 10 October 2018, without restriction on year of publication or language. The titles and abstracts of studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Relevant articles were read in full and included in the systematic review.

          Results

          A total of 84 peer-reviewed articles were considered for the final analysis. Most papers reported on the application of MALDI-TOF for the study of Caenorhabditis elegans, and the technique was primarily used for identification of specific proteins rather than entire pathogens. Since 2015, a small number of studies documented the successful use of MALDI-TOF MS for species-specific identification of nematodes of human and veterinary importance, such as Trichinella spp. and Dirofilaria spp. However, the quality of available data and the number of examined helminth samples was low.

          Conclusions

          Data on the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the diagnosis of helminths are scarce, but recent evidence suggests a potential role for a reliable identification of nematodes. Future research should explore the diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of (i) adult helminths, larvae and eggs shed in faecal samples; and (ii) helminth-related proteins that are detectable in serum or body fluids of infected individuals.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3493-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references154

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          Protein and polymer analyses up tom/z 100 000 by laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

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            Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: a fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology.

            Within the past decade, clinical microbiology laboratories experienced revolutionary changes in the way in which microorganisms are identified, moving away from slow, traditional microbial identification algorithms toward rapid molecular methods and mass spectrometry (MS). Historically, MS was clinically utilized as a high-complexity method adapted for protein-centered analysis of samples in chemistry and hematology laboratories. Today, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS is adapted for use in microbiology laboratories, where it serves as a paradigm-shifting, rapid, and robust method for accurate microbial identification. Multiple instrument platforms, marketed by well-established manufacturers, are beginning to displace automated phenotypic identification instruments and in some cases genetic sequence-based identification practices. This review summarizes the current position of MALDI-TOF MS in clinical research and in diagnostic clinical microbiology laboratories and serves as a primer to examine the "nuts and bolts" of MALDI-TOF MS, highlighting research associated with sample preparation, spectral analysis, and accuracy. Currently available MALDI-TOF MS hardware and software platforms that support the use of MALDI-TOF with direct and precultured specimens and integration of the technology into the laboratory workflow are also discussed. Finally, this review closes with a prospective view of the future of MALDI-TOF MS in the clinical microbiology laboratory to accelerate diagnosis and microbial identification to improve patient care.
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              Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study.

              Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease endemic in several tropical and subtropical countries. However, in the summer of 2013, an unexpected outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis occurred in Corsica, with more than 120 local people or tourists infected. We used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the epidemiology of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica, aiming to elucidate the origin of the outbreak.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                soeren.becker@uks.eu
                Journal
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasit Vectors
                Parasites & Vectors
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-3305
                17 May 2019
                17 May 2019
                2019
                : 12
                : 245
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2167 7588, GRID grid.11749.3a, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, , Saarland University, ; Homburg/Saar, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.423669.c, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, ; Belvaux, Luxembourg
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0587 0574, GRID grid.416786.a, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, GRID grid.6612.3, University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6885-0798
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3634-8802
                Article
                3493
                10.1186/s13071-019-3493-9
                6525464
                31101120
                c0a082e8-0981-4bca-b942-a2d89481453b
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 5 February 2019
                : 6 May 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Landesforschungsförderprogramm des Saarlandes
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Parasitology
                diagnosis,helminths,maldi-tof,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight,neglected tropical diseases,parasites

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