The Neuroimmune Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Currently, a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the nervous system, which is considered as microbiota-gut-brain axis, is being actively studied. This axis is believed to be a key mechanism in the formation of somatovisceral functions in the human body. The gut microbiota determines the level of activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary system. In particular, the intestinal microbiota is an important source of neuroimmune mediators in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. This review reflects the current state of publications in PubMed and Scopus databases until December 2020 on the mechanisms of formation and participation of neuroimmune mediators associated with gut microbiota in the development of cardiovascular disease.

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Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome

Tatiana Vishnivetskaya, Jeroen Raes (2014)

Studies of the human microbiome have revealed that even healthy individuals differ remarkably in the microbes that occupy habitats such as the gut, skin, and vagina. Much of this diversity remains unexplained, although diet, environment, host genetics, and early microbial exposure have all been implicated. Accordingly, to characterize the ecology of human-associated microbial communities, the Human Microbiome Project has analyzed the largest cohort and set of distinct, clinically relevant body habitats to date. We found the diversity and abundance of each habitat’s signature microbes to vary widely even among healthy subjects, with strong niche specialization both within and among individuals. The project encountered an estimated 81–99% of the genera, enzyme families, and community configurations occupied by the healthy Western microbiome. Metagenomic carriage of metabolic pathways was stable among individuals despite variation in community structure, and ethnic/racial background proved to be one of the strongest associations of both pathways and microbes with clinical metadata. These results thus delineate the range of structural and functional configurations normal in the microbial communities of a healthy population, enabling future characterization of the epidemiology, ecology, and translational applications of the human microbiome.

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An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

Peter J Turnbaugh, Ruth E Ley, Michael A Mahowald … (2006)

The worldwide obesity epidemic is stimulating efforts to identify host and environmental factors that affect energy balance. Comparisons of the distal gut microbiota of genetically obese mice and their lean littermates, as well as those of obese and lean human volunteers have revealed that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes. Here we demonstrate through metagenomic and biochemical analyses that these changes affect the metabolic potential of the mouse gut microbiota. Our results indicate that the obese microbiome has an increased capacity to harvest energy from the diet. Furthermore, this trait is transmissible: colonization of germ-free mice with an 'obese microbiota' results in a significantly greater increase in total body fat than colonization with a 'lean microbiota'. These results identify the gut microbiota as an additional contributing factor to the pathophysiology of obesity.

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Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

Tanya Yatsunenko, Federico E Rey, Mark Manary … (2012)

Gut microbial communities represent one source of human genetic and metabolic diversity. To examine how gut microbiomes differ between human populations when viewed from the perspective of component microbial lineages, encoded metabolic functions, stage of postnatal development, and environmental exposures, we characterized bacterial species present in fecal samples obtained from 531 individuals representing healthy Amerindians from the Amazonas of Venezuela, residents of rural Malawian communities, and inhabitants of USA metropolitan areas, as well as the gene content of 110 of their microbiomes. This cohort encompassed infants, children, teenagers and adults, parents and offspring, and included mono- and dizygotic twins. Shared features of the functional maturation of the gut microbiome were identified during the first three years of life in all three populations, including age-associated changes in the representation of genes involved in vitamin biosynthesis and metabolism. Pronounced differences in bacterial species assemblages and functional gene repertoires were noted between individuals residing in the USA compared to the other two countries. These distinctive features are evident in early infancy as well as adulthood. In addition, the similarity of fecal microbiomes among family members extends across cultures. These findings underscore the need to consider the microbiome when evaluating human development, nutritional needs, physiological variations, and the impact of Westernization.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Judith Greer: Role: Academic Editor

Maria A. Rocca: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Clin Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Clin Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): jcm

Title: Journal of Clinical Medicine

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2077-0383

Publication date (Electronic): 06 May 2021

Publication date Collection: May 2021

Volume: 10

Issue: 9

Electronic Location Identifier: 1995

Affiliations

[1 ]I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., 119992 Moscow, Russia; suslov_a_v@ 123456staff.sechenov.ru (A.V.S.); chairkin@ 123456rambler.ru (E.C.); mr.mary170600@ 123456gmail.com (M.D.S.)

[2 ]Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation, 19-1A Marshal Timoshenko Str., 121359 Moscow, Russia; suslova.is@ 123456rambler.ru

[3 ]Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; nafany905@ 123456gmail.com (V.A.K.); anton-5@ 123456mail.ru (A.Y.P.)

[4 ]Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia

[5 ]National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: t-gorchakova@ 123456mail.ru

Author information

Andrey V. Suslov https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-8556

Victoria A. Khotina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-3237

Tatiana V. Kirichenko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2899-9202

Article

Publisher ID: jcm-10-01995

DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091995

PMC ID: 8124579

SO-VID: c0a3aa68-493b-4444-a3cc-a924ceb683d4

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The Neuroimmune Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 154

Structure, Function and Diversity of the Healthy Human Microbiome

An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest.

Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography

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