BTEX compounds in water - future trends and directions for water treatment

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Abstract

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) compounds are common water resource and potable water pollutants that are often left undetected and untreated by municipal treatment systems in spite of the negative repercussions associated with their ingestion. The US EPA has classified these pollutants as priority pollutant, yet they are persistently present in a variety of water resources. In this review paper, we highlight the sources and reported concentrations of BTEX compounds in water and explore historical remediation techniques that have been applied such as bioremediation and natural attenuation. We also highlight emerging possibilities and future directions for remediation techniques, such as nanotechnology-based materials and novel green materials (tannins) that can be applied to ensure removal of these compounds in water.

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Most cited references 150

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Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications.

Michael F L De Volder, Sameh H Tawfick, Ray H Baughman … (2013)

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

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Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

Sukdeb Pal, Yu Tak, Joon Myong Song (2007)

In this work we investigated the antibacterial properties of differently shaped silver nanoparticles against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, both in liquid systems and on agar plates. Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy images revealed considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in cell death. Truncated triangular silver nanoplates with a {111} lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared with spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles and with Ag(+) (in the form of AgNO(3)). It is proposed that nanoscale size and the presence of a {111} plane combine to promote this biocidal property. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles of different shapes, and our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction with the gram-negative organism E. coli.

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Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons.

Dmitry V Kosynkin, Amanda L Higginbotham, Alexander Sinitskii … (2009)

Graphene, or single-layered graphite, with its high crystallinity and interesting semimetal electronic properties, has emerged as an exciting two-dimensional material showing great promise for the fabrication of nanoscale devices. Thin, elongated strips of graphene that possess straight edges, termed graphene ribbons, gradually transform from semiconductors to semimetals as their width increases, and represent a particularly versatile variety of graphene. Several lithographic, chemical and synthetic procedures are known to produce microscopic samples of graphene nanoribbons, and one chemical vapour deposition process has successfully produced macroscopic quantities of nanoribbons at 950 degrees C. Here we describe a simple solution-based oxidative process for producing a nearly 100% yield of nanoribbon structures by lengthwise cutting and unravelling of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) side walls. Although oxidative shortening of MWCNTs has previously been achieved, lengthwise cutting is hitherto unreported. Ribbon structures with high water solubility are obtained. Subsequent chemical reduction of the nanoribbons from MWCNTs results in restoration of electrical conductivity. These early results affording nanoribbons could eventually lead to applications in fields of electronics and composite materials where bulk quantities of nanoribbons are required.

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Author and article information

Contributors

OM Fayemiwo: Role: ND

MO Daramola: Role: ND

K Moothi: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): wsa

Title: Water SA

Abbreviated Title: Water SA

Publisher: Water Research Commission (WRC) (Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa )

ISSN (Print): 0378-4738

ISSN (Electronic): 1816-7950

Publication date (Print and electronic): October 2017

Volume: 43

Issue: 4

Pages: 602-613

Affiliations

[01] Johannesburg orgnameUniversity of Johannesburg orgdiv1Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment orgdiv2Department of Chemical Engineering South Africa

[02] Johannesburg orgnameUniversity of the Witwatersrand orgdiv1Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment orgdiv2School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering South Africa

Article

Publisher ID: S1816-79502017000400008

DOI: 10.4314/wsa.v43i4.08

SO-VID: c0d0133e-e7a7-438b-9782-829e53983d7e

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 27 February 2017

Date accepted : 09 October 2017

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 160, Pages: 12

Product

SciELO South Africa

Keywords: adsorbents,biosorbents,BTEX,remediation,nanotechnology,water quality

Data availability:

Keywords: adsorbents, biosorbents, BTEX, remediation, nanotechnology, water quality

BTEX compounds in water - future trends and directions for water treatment

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Abstract

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SciELO South Africa

Most cited references 150

Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications.

Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons.

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