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      Multiple Origins of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype Asia 1 Outbreaks, 2003–2007

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          Abstract

          Viruses in 6 genetic groups have caused recent outbreaks in Asia.

          Abstract

          We investigated the molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia 1, which caused outbreaks of disease in Asia during 2003–2007. Since 2004, the region affected by outbreaks of this serotype has increased from disease-endemic countries in southern Asia (Afghanistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan) northward to encompass Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, several regions of the People’s Republic of China, Mongolia, Eastern Russia, and North Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of complete virus capsid protein 1 (VP1) gene sequences demonstrated that the FMDV isolates responsible for these outbreaks belonged to 6 groups within the Asia 1 serotype. Some contemporary strains were genetically closely related to isolates collected historically from the region as far back as 25 years ago. Our analyses also indicated that some viruses have spread large distances between countries in Asia within a short time.

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          Incidence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia, Africa and South America; combining expert opinion, official disease information and livestock populations to assist risk assessment.

          W Wint, K Sumption, Mark M. Rweyemamu (2007)
          Risk assessment procedures frequently require quantitative data on the prevalence of the disease in question. Although most countries are members of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the importance attached to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) reporting or surveillance for infection varies enormously between infected countries. There is a general consensus that FMD outbreaks in endemic countries are greatly under-reported, to a degree related either to the economic or the political development level of the country. This exploratory study was first undertaken by FAO, but thereafter extended and reviewed by the working group on FMD risk co-ordinated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The paper attempts to overcome the lack of reporting through using expert opinion to extrapolate incidence indices from countries considered to have 'representative' levels of FMD. These were combined with livestock density distributions to provide maps of prevalence indices, which were found to be highest in China (pigs), India (cattle), the Near East (small ruminants) and the Sahel (small ruminants and cattle). Similar patterns were found when weighted expert rankings of a range of additional ranked disease parameters were also produced, and then combined with susceptible animal densities to produce a weighted multi-species density. Results suggest that the methods can provide useful information at both national and sub-national resolution, even for countries for which quantitative FMD data is currently unavailable: two of the regions identified provide little or no data on a regular basis to the OIE and therefore may be overlooked if the level of officially reported FMD is only used. As the estimated prevalences are based on recent disease history and expert opinion, they are most likely to be inaccurate where FMD incursions are infrequent as a result of the preventive measures and geographical and trade isolation. This study, therefore, highlights the need for specific detailed country risk assessments where livestock trade is under consideration. Validating the approach including ground truthing, will require collaboration between a number of agencies and institutions, in critical countries, particularly those with high disease burdens that share borders or trade livestock with currently FMD-free nations.
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            Reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease.

            R C Bellinzoni, Nora Mattion, S. Mark Duffy … (2004)
            This paper describes the antigenic and molecular characterisation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains isolated during the 2000-2002 epidemic in Argentina, and the strategy implemented for disease control. Two different FMDV serotypes, O and A, were involved. Of the various field isolates studied, two distinct O1 lineages (strains Corrientes/00 and Misiones/00) and two serotype A lineages (A/Argentina/00 and A/Argentina/01 prototypes) were identified. The genome sequences of these strains were compared with sequences of previous regional isolates and sequences of vaccine strains. O1 strains were found to be related to regional strains while serotype A strains were found to be more distanced from them. The updating of the antigenic composition of the vaccines used in the emergency was a key issue, since the outbreaks stopped shortly after the implementation of the vaccination programs. The O1 strains quickly disappeared from the field following strict control measures and the use of vaccines containing O1/Campos strain. However, in the case of the A serotype strains, the situation was different, since the use of a vaccine containing strain A24/Cruzeiro yielded acceptable levels of protection only after re-vaccination. Therefore, the new field strains A/Argentina/00 and A/Argentina/01 were incorporated into the vaccine, leading to an effective control of the disease. Viral circulation greatly diminished, as indicated by the significant reduction in the number of outbreaks and in the number of animals with antibodies against non-structural proteins. Satisfactory levels of protective antibodies were subsequently detected in the cattle population (above 75% protection). The absence of outbreaks after January 2002 indicated that the epidemic was controlled.
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              Portraits of viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus.

              J B BROOKSBY (1981)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): July 2009
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 1046-1051
                Affiliations
                [1]Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, UK (J.-F. Valarcher, N.J. Knowles, Z. Zhang, N.P. Ferris, D.J. Paton)
                [2]FGI All-Russian Research Institute for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russian Federation (V. Zakharov, A. Scherbakov)
                [3]Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China (Y.-J. Shang, Z.-X. Liu, X.-T. Liu)
                [4]Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, India (A. Sanyal, D. Hemadri, C. Tosh, T.J. Rasool, B. Pattnaik)
                [5]Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, USA (K.R. Schumann, T.R. Beckham)
                [6]Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot and Mouth Disease in South East Asia, Pakchong, Thailand (W. Linchongsubongkoch)
                [7]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy (P.L. Roeder)
                [1 ]Current affiliation: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
                [2 ]Current affiliation: Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bhopal, India.
                [3 ]Current affiliation: Animal Production and Breeding, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India.
                [4 ]Current affiliation: Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA.
                [5 ]Current affiliation: Taurus Animal Health, Hampshire, UK.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Nick J. Knowles, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK; email: nick.knowles@ 123456bbsrc.ac.uk .
                Article
                Publisher ID: 08-1621
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1507.081621
                PMC ID: 2744236
                PubMed ID: 19624919
                SO-VID: c0d67bb7-9990-4f58-b0c0-6b66a4874df3
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: research,foot-and-mouth disease virus,surveillance,serotype asia 1,epidemiology,sequencing data,phylogeny,aphthovirus,viruses,picornaviridae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: research, foot-and-mouth disease virus, surveillance, serotype asia 1, epidemiology, sequencing data, phylogeny, aphthovirus, viruses, picornaviridae

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