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      Determination of element composition and extraterrestrial material occurrence in moss and lichen samples from King George Island (Antarctica) using reactor neutron activation analysis and SEM microscopy

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          Abstract

          Seven lichens ( Usnea antarctica and U. aurantiacoatra) and nine moss samples ( Sanionia uncinata) collected in King George Island were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis, and concentration of major and trace elements was calculated. For some elements, the concentrations observed in moss samples were higher than corresponding values reported from other sites in the Antarctica, but in the lichens, these were in the same range of concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and statistical analysis showed large influence of volcanic-origin particles. Also, the interplanetary cosmic particles (ICP) were observed in investigated samples, as mosses and lichens are good collectors of ICP and micrometeorites.

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          The online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-017-0431-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references62

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          The resilience and functional role of moss in boreal and arctic ecosystems.

          Mosses in northern ecosystems are ubiquitous components of plant communities, and strongly influence nutrient, carbon and water cycling. We use literature review, synthesis and model simulations to explore the role of mosses in ecological stability and resilience. Moss community responses to disturbance showed all possible responses (increases, decreases, no change) within most disturbance categories. Simulations from two process-based models suggest that northern ecosystems would need to experience extreme perturbation before mosses were eliminated. But simulations with two other models suggest that loss of moss will reduce soil carbon accumulation primarily by influencing decomposition rates and soil nitrogen availability. It seems clear that mosses need to be incorporated into models as one or more plant functional types, but more empirical work is needed to determine how to best aggregate species. We highlight several issues that have not been adequately explored in moss communities, such as functional redundancy and singularity, relationships between response and effect traits, and parameter vs conceptual uncertainty in models. Mosses play an important role in several ecosystem processes that play out over centuries - permafrost formation and thaw, peat accumulation, development of microtopography - and there is a need for studies that increase our understanding of slow, long-term dynamical processes. © 2012 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.
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            Environmental contamination in Antarctic ecosystems.

            R Bargagli (2008)
            Although the remote continent of Antarctica is perceived as the symbol of the last great wilderness, the human presence in the Southern Ocean and the continent began in the early 1900s for hunting, fishing and exploration, and many invasive plant and animal species have been deliberately introduced in several sub-Antarctic islands. Over the last 50 years, the development of research and tourism have locally affected terrestrial and marine coastal ecosystems through fuel combustion (for transportation and energy production), accidental oil spills, waste incineration and sewage. Although natural "barriers" such as oceanic and atmospheric circulation protect Antarctica from lower latitude water and air masses, available data on concentrations of metals, pesticides and other persistent pollutants in air, snow, mosses, lichens and marine organisms show that most persistent contaminants in the Antarctic environment are transported from other continents in the Southern Hemisphere. At present, levels of most contaminants in Antarctic organisms are lower than those in related species from other remote regions, except for the natural accumulation of Cd and Hg in several marine organisms and especially in albatrosses and petrels. The concentrations of organic pollutants in the eggs of an opportunistic top predator such as the south polar skua are close to those that may cause adverse health effects. Population growth and industrial development in several countries of the Southern Hemisphere are changing the global pattern of persistent anthropogenic contaminants and new classes of chemicals have already been detected in the Antarctic environment. Although the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty provides strict guidelines for the protection of the Antarctic environment and establishes obligations for all human activity in the continent and the Southern Ocean, global warming, population growth and industrial development in countries of the Southern Hemisphere will likely increase the impact of anthropogenic contaminants on Antarctic ecosystems.
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              Antarctic aerosols: A review

              Glenn Shaw (1988)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +48886630466 , tmrozek@o2.pl
                Journal
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
                Environmental Science and Pollution Research International
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0944-1344
                1614-7499
                18 October 2017
                18 October 2017
                2018
                : 25
                : 1
                : 436-446
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 3716, GRID grid.412464.1, Institute of Biology, , Pedagogical University of Cracow, ; Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0942 8941, GRID grid.418860.3, Henryk Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ; Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
                [3 ]Joint Institute for Nuclear Rsearch, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Russia 141980
                [4 ]Borok Geophysical Observatory, A Branch of Shmidt’s Institute of Physics of the Earth of RAS, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl region, Russia 152742
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, GRID grid.5522.0, Institute of Botany, , Jagiellonian University, ; Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
                Author notes

                Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

                Article
                431
                10.1007/s11356-017-0431-2
                5756565
                29043588
                c0ed1736-da85-497e-a453-6ea7ac172ea9
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 20 April 2017
                : 5 October 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003822, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research;
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018

                General environmental science
                antarctica,moss,lichen,biomonitoring,space dust,neutron activation analysis,sem microscopy

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