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      Mapping Europe into local climate zones

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          Abstract

          Cities are major drivers of environmental change at all scales and are especially at risk from the ensuing effects, which include poor air quality, flooding and heat waves. Typically, these issues are studied on a city-by-city basis owing to the spatial complexity of built landscapes, local topography and emission patterns. However, to ensure knowledge sharing and to integrate local-scale processes with regional and global scale modelling initiatives, there is a pressing need for a world-wide database on cities that is suited for environmental studies. In this paper we present a European database that has a particular focus on characterising urbanised landscapes. It has been derived using tools and techniques developed as part of the World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) project, which has the goal of acquiring and disseminating climate-relevant information on cities worldwide. The European map is the first major step toward creating a global database on cities that can be integrated with existing topographic and natural land-cover databases to support modelling initiatives.

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          Most cited references44

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          An Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design

          The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) will produce a state-of-the- art multimodel dataset designed to advance our knowledge of climate variability and climate change. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the model output and will produce results likely to underlie the forthcoming Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Unprecedented in scale and attracting interest from all major climate modeling groups, CMIP5 includes “long term” simulations of twentieth-century climate and projections for the twenty-first century and beyond. Conventional atmosphere–ocean global climate models and Earth system models of intermediate complexity are for the first time being joined by more recently developed Earth system models under an experiment design that allows both types of models to be compared to observations on an equal footing. Besides the longterm experiments, CMIP5 calls for an entirely new suite of “near term” simulations focusing on recent decades and the future to year 2035. These “decadal predictions” are initialized based on observations and will be used to explore the predictability of climate and to assess the forecast system's predictive skill. The CMIP5 experiment design also allows for participation of stand-alone atmospheric models and includes a variety of idealized experiments that will improve understanding of the range of model responses found in the more complex and realistic simulations. An exceptionally comprehensive set of model output is being collected and made freely available to researchers through an integrated but distributed data archive. For researchers unfamiliar with climate models, the limitations of the models and experiment design are described.
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            Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies

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              Mapping forest canopy height globally with spaceborne lidar

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2019
                24 April 2019
                : 14
                : 4
                : e0214474
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Environment, Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
                [2 ] Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
                [3 ] Kode VOF, Ghent, Belgium
                [4 ] Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
                [5 ] School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
                [6 ] School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
                [7 ] Urban Climate Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
                [8 ] School of Geography, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
                Cardiff University, UNITED KINGDOM
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3237-4077
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8802-7934
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-095X
                Article
                PONE-D-18-28650
                10.1371/journal.pone.0214474
                6481911
                31017939
                c0f671bd-f80f-460b-9b2c-c3d32dd3d291
                © 2019 Demuzere et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 October 2018
                : 13 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 13, Tables: 6, Pages: 27
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: Cluster of Excellence CliSAP (EXC 177), University of Hamburg
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009044, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern;
                Award ID: Grant "Microclimate Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization"
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000085, Directorate for Geosciences;
                Award ID: 1635490 “A Simulation Platform to Enhance Infrastructure and Community Resilience to Extreme Heat Events”
                Award Recipient :
                B.B.’s work was supported through the Cluster of Excellence CliSAP (EXC 177), University of Hamburg, funded through the German Science Foundation (DFG). A.M. was supported by Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, grant “Microclimate Data Collection, Analysis, and Visualization.” A.M. was also supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Award Number 1635490 “A Simulation Platform to Enhance Infrastructure and Community Resilience to Extreme Heat Events.” The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Geographical Locations
                Europe
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Geographic Areas
                Urban Areas
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Climatology
                Climate Change
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Belgium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Trees
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Simulation and Modeling
                Climate Modeling
                Earth Sciences
                Atmospheric Science
                Climatology
                Climate Modeling
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Germany
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                United Kingdom
                Custom metadata
                The European LCZ map are available from the official WUDAPT data portal ( http://www.wudapt.org/).

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                Uncategorized

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