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      Platelet activating factor levels and metabolism in tangier disease: a case study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Tangier disease (TD) is a phenotypic expression of rare familial syndrome with mutations in the ABCA1 transporter. The risk of coronary artery disease in patients with TD is variable. On the other hand the pivotal role of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) mediator in atheromatosis was found. Plasma lipoproteins are transporters of the PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in cells and known as lipoprotein-phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2) in plasma and regulators of PAF levels in blood. In addition, PAF can be biosynthesized from the remodeling and the de novo pathways in which Lyso-platelet activating factor-acetyltransferase (Lyso-PAF-AT) and platelet activating factor-cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) are the regulatory enzymes. The aim of this study is to investigate in a TD patient with a unique mutation (C2033A), the concentration of PAF in blood, the Equivalent Concentration for 50% aggregation (EC 50) values of platelet rich plasma (PRP) toward PAF, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin, and the activities of PAF metabolic enzymes Lp-PLA 2, PAF-AH, Lyso-PAF-AT and PAF-CPT.

          Methods

          The EC 50 value of PRP was measured by an aggregometer. The determination of the specific activity of PAF-CPT and Lyso-PAF-AT was made after in vitro enzymatic assay, chromatographic separation and measurement of the produced PAF in a biological assay with washed rabbit platelets. The determination of PAF-AH and Lp-PLA 2 was made after an in vitro enzymatic assay from the decay of radioactive PAF.

          Results

          The TD patient had lower bound-PAF values in blood, decreased specific activity of PAF-CPT and Lyso-PAF-AT, increased specific activity of PAF-AH in platelets and leukocytes and Lp-PLA 2 activity in plasma compared to healthy women. The EC 50 of PAF and Thrombin were higher compared to healthy women.

          Conclusion

          The increased Lp-PLA 2 activity, as well as, the decreased activities of PAF-CPT and Lyso-PAF-AT, explain the decreased bound-PAF level in TD patient and the EC 50 of PAF. However, total PAF is in a normal range and this probably can explain one of the reasons this TD patient has no CAD.

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          Tangier disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter 1.

          Birgit Funke, J Piette, Z Amoura … (1999)
          Tangier disease (TD) was first discovered nearly 40 years ago in two siblings living on Tangier Island. This autosomal co-dominant condition is characterized in the homozygous state by the absence of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) from plasma, hepatosplenomegaly, peripheral neuropathy and frequently premature coronary artery disease (CAD). In heterozygotes, HDL-C levels are about one-half those of normal individuals. Impaired cholesterol efflux from macrophages leads to the presence of foam cells throughout the body, which may explain the increased risk of coronary heart disease in some TD families. We report here refining of our previous linkage of the TD gene to a 1-cM region between markers D9S271 and D9S1866 on chromosome 9q31, in which we found the gene encoding human ATP cassette-binding transporter 1 (ABC1). We also found a change in ABC1 expression level on cholesterol loading of phorbol ester-treated THP1 macrophages, substantiating the role of ABC1 in cholesterol efflux. We cloned the full-length cDNA and sequenced the gene in two unrelated families with four TD homozygotes. In the first pedigree, a 1-bp deletion in exon 13, resulting in truncation of the predicted protein to approximately one-fourth of its normal size, co-segregated with the disease phenotype. An in-frame insertion-deletion in exon 12 was found in the second family. Our findings indicate that defects in ABC1, encoding a member of the ABC transporter superfamily, are the cause of TD.
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            Platelet-activating factor, PAF acetylhydrolase, and severe anaphylaxis.

            Sai-Ching J. Yeung, G Liss, Boris Perelman … (2008)
            Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important mediator of anaphylaxis in animals, and interventions that block PAF prevent fatal anaphylaxis. The roles of PAF and PAF acetylhydrolase, the enzyme that inactivates PAF, in anaphylaxis in humans have not been reported. We measured serum PAF levels and PAF acetylhydrolase activity in 41 patients with anaphylaxis and in 23 control patients. Serum PAF acetylhydrolase activity was also measured in 9 patients with peanut allergy who had fatal anaphylaxis and compared with that in 26 nonallergic pediatric control patients, 49 nonallergic adult control patients, 63 children with mild peanut allergy, 24 patients with nonfatal anaphylaxis, 10 children who died of nonanaphylactic causes, 15 children with life-threatening asthma, and 19 children with non-life-threatening asthma. Mean (+/-SD) serum PAF levels were significantly higher in patients with anaphylaxis (805+/-595 pg per milliliter) than in patients in the control groups (127+/-104 pg per milliliter, P<0.001 after log transformation) and were correlated with the severity of anaphylaxis. The proportion of subjects with elevated PAF levels increased from 4% in the control groups to 20% in the group with grade 1 anaphylaxis, 71% in the group with grade 2 anaphylaxis, and 100% in the group with grade 3 anaphylaxis (P<0.001). There was an inverse correlation between PAF levels and PAF acetylhydrolase activity (P<0.001). The proportion of patients with low PAF acetylhydrolase values increased with the severity of anaphylaxis (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Serum PAF acetylhydrolase activity was significantly lower in patients with fatal peanut anaphylaxis than in control patients (P values <0.001 for all comparisons). Serum PAF levels were directly correlated and serum PAF acetylhydrolase activity was inversely correlated with the severity of anaphylaxis. PAF acetylhydrolase activity was significantly lower in patients with fatal anaphylactic reactions to peanuts than in patients in any of the control groups. Failure of PAF acetylhydrolase to inactivate PAF may contribute to the severity of anaphylaxis. Copyright 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Molecular cloning of the human ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (hABC1): evidence for sterol-dependent regulation in macrophages.

              Thomas Kaminski, Genna Luciani, G Liebisch … (1999)
              We have cloned the full-length cDNA for the human ATP binding cassette transporter 1 (hABC1). The 6603-bp open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 2201 amino acids resulting in a deduced molecular weight of 220 kDa. The hABC1 cDNA is highly homologous (62%) to the human rim ABC transporter (ABCR). hABC1 is expressed in a variety of human tissues with highest expression levels found in placenta, liver, lung, adrenal glands, and fetal tissues. We demonstrate that the hABC1 expression is induced during differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages in vitro. In macrophages, both the hABC1 mRNA and protein expression are upregulated in the presence of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL). The AcLDL-induced increase in hABC1 expression is reversed by cholesterol depletion mediated by the addition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL3). Our data, demonstrating sterol-dependent regulation of hABC1 in human monocytes/macrophages, suggest a novel role for this transporter molecule in membrane lipid transport. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Vana Kolovou
                Vasiliki D Papakonstantinou
                George Stamatakis
                Sophia N Verouti
                Marianna N Xanthopoulou
                Genovefa Kolovou
                Constantinos A Demopoulos
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Lipids Health Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Lipids Health Dis
                Title: Lipids in Health and Disease
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-511X
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 July 2012
                Volume: 11
                Page: 89
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Cardiology Department and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
                [2 ]Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
                [3 ]Department of Science of Nutrition-Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1476-511X-11-89
                DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-89
                PMC ID: 3499335
                PubMed ID: 22769014
                SO-VID: c11a631d-b932-49b3-9fc5-aea5ff8d2a93
                Copyright © Copyright ©2012 Kolovou et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 May 2012
                Date accepted : 25 June 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: paf-ah,atherosclerosis,tangier disease,lp-pla2,paf-cpt,paf,lyso-paf-at
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: paf-ah, atherosclerosis, tangier disease, lp-pla2, paf-cpt, paf, lyso-paf-at

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