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      Geolocation with respect to personal privacy for the Allergy Diary app - a MASK study

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 31 , 34 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 6 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 69 , 1 , 2 , 63 , 70 , 71 , , 72 , the MASK study group
      The World Allergy Organization Journal
      BioMed Central
      Anonymization, App, MASK, Rhinitis, Asthma

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          Abstract

          Background

          Collecting data on the localization of users is a key issue for the MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel networK: the Allergy Diary) App. Data anonymization is a method of sanitization for privacy. The European Commission’s Article 29 Working Party stated that geolocation information is personal data.

          To assess geolocation using the MASK method and to compare two anonymization methods in the MASK database to find an optimal privacy method.

          Methods

          Geolocation was studied for all people who used the Allergy Diary App from December 2015 to November 2017 and who reported medical outcomes. Two different anonymization methods have been evaluated: Noise addition (randomization) and k-anonymity (generalization).

          Results

          Ninety-three thousand one hundred and sixteen days of VAS were collected from 8535 users and 54,500 (58.5%) were geolocalized, corresponding to 5428 users. Noise addition was found to be less accurate than k-anonymity using MASK data to protect the users’ life privacy.

          Discussion

          k-anonymity is an acceptable method for the anonymization of MASK data and results can be used for other databases.

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          Most cited references21

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          k-ANONYMITY: A MODEL FOR PROTECTING PRIVACY

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            L-diversity

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              Security-control methods for statistical databases: a comparative study

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +33 611 42 88 47 , jean.bousquet@orange.fr
                Journal
                World Allergy Organ J
                World Allergy Organ J
                The World Allergy Organization Journal
                BioMed Central (London )
                1939-4551
                16 July 2018
                16 July 2018
                2018
                : 11
                : 1
                : 15
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Kyomed, Montpellier, France
                [2 ]Selbstregulierung Informationswirtschaft eV, Berlin, Germany
                [3 ]MACVIA-France, Fondation partenariale FMC VIA-LR, Montpellier, France
                [4 ]MedScript Ltd, Dundalk, Co Louth, Ireland
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, GRID grid.5808.5, Center for Health Technology and Services Research- CINTESIS, Faculdade de Medicina, , Universidade do Porto; and Medina, Lda, ; Porto, Portugal
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Centre of Medical Informatics, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, , The University of Edinburgh, ; Edinburgh, UK
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, GRID grid.5808.5, UCIBIO, REQUINTE, Faculty of Pharmacy and Competence Center on Active and Healthy Ageing of University of Porto (Porto4Ageing), ; Porto, Portugal
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9511 4342, GRID grid.8051.c, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, Ageing@Coimbra EIP-AHA Reference Site, , University of Coimbra, ; Coimbra, Portugal
                [9 ]Allergy Center, CUF Descobertas Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, GRID grid.5808.5, Allergy Unit, CUF-Porto Hospital and Institute; Center for Research in Health Technologies and information systems CINTESIS, , Universidade do Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9511 4342, GRID grid.8051.c, Imunoalergologia Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra and Faculty of Medicine, , University of Coimbra, ; Coimbra, Portugal
                [12 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0790 385X, GRID grid.4691.a, CIRFF, , Federico II University, ; Naples, Italy
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0335, GRID grid.11780.3f, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, , University of Salerno, ; Salerno, Italy
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0120 3326, GRID grid.7644.1, Unit of Geriatric Immunoallergology, , University of Bari Medical School, ; Bari, Italy
                [15 ]GRID grid.414741.3, Center of Excellence in Asthma and Allergy, Hospital Médica Sur, ; México City, Mexico
                [16 ]Mexico City, Mexico
                [17 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0372 8259, GRID grid.8399.b, ProAR – Nucleo de Excelencia em Asma, Brasil and WHO GARD Planning Group, , Federal University of Bahia, ; Salvador, Brazil
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2297 2036, GRID grid.411074.7, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), , Hospital da Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2188 7235, GRID grid.411237.2, Department of Internal Medicine and Allergy Clinic of Professor Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago University Hospital, , Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), ; Florianopolis, SC Brazil
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2243 2806, GRID grid.6441.7, Clinic of Children’s Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, , Vilnius University, ; Vilnius, Lithuania
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2243 2806, GRID grid.6441.7, Faculty of Medicine, , Vilnius University, ; Vilnius, Lithuania
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2243 2806, GRID grid.6441.7, Clinic of Children’s Diseases, and Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, , Vilnius University Institute of Clinical Medicine, ; Vilnius, Lithuania
                [23 ]European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP/UEMS-SP), Brussels, Belgium
                [24 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2308 1657, GRID grid.462844.8, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases, Department Institute Pierre Louis of Epidemiology and Public Health, Medical School Saint Antoine, , INSERM and Sorbonne Université, ; Paris, France
                [25 ]Allergist, La Rochelle, France
                [26 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9961 060X, GRID grid.157868.5, Department of Respiratory Diseases, , Montpellier University Hospital, ; Montpellier, France
                [27 ]ISNI 0000 0004 4910 6535, GRID grid.460789.4, UPRES EA220, Pôle des Maladies des Voies Respiratoires, Hôpital Foch, , Université Paris-Saclay, ; Suresnes, France
                [28 ]Allergist, Reims, France
                [29 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2165 3025, GRID grid.8267.b, Division of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, , Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ; Lodz, Poland
                [30 ]ISNI 0000000113287408, GRID grid.13339.3b, Samolinski. Department of Prevention of Envinronmental Hazards and Allergology, , Medical University of Warsaw, ; Warsaw, Poland
                [31 ]Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Wiesbaden, Germany
                [32 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, GRID grid.6190.e, Institute of Medical Statistics, and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty, , University of Cologne, ; Cologne, Germany
                [33 ]CRI-Clinical Research International Ltd, Hamburg, Germany
                [34 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2190 4373, GRID grid.7700.0, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, , Heidelberg University, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [35 ]iQ4U Consultants Ltd, London, UK
                [36 ]Woodbrook Medical Centre, Loughborough, UK
                [37 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7988, GRID grid.4305.2, Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, , University of Edinburgh, Medical School, ; Edinburgh, UK
                [38 ]ISGlobAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
                [39 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1767 8811, GRID grid.411142.3, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), ; Barcelona, Spain
                [40 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9314 1427, GRID grid.413448.e, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), ; Barcelona, Spain
                [41 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2172 2676, GRID grid.5612.0, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), ; Barcelona, Spain
                [42 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0675 8654, GRID grid.411083.f, S Allergologia, S Medicina Interna, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [43 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, GRID grid.5841.8, Rhinology Unit & Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic; Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, , University of Barcelona, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [44 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, GRID grid.5841.8, Pneumology and Allergy Department CIBERES and Clinical & Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy, IDIBAPS, , University of Barcelona, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [45 ]ISNI 0000000089452978, GRID grid.10419.3d, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, , Leiden University Medical Center, ; Leiden, The Netherlands
                [46 ]ISNI 0000000404654431, GRID grid.5650.6, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Centre, ; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
                [47 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8988 2476, GRID grid.11598.34, Department of Internal Medicine, , Medical University of Graz, ; Graz, Austria
                [48 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8988 2476, GRID grid.11598.34, Department of ENT, , Medical University of Graz, ; Graz, Austria
                [49 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9950 5666, GRID grid.15485.3d, Skin and Allergy Hospital, , Helsinki University Hospital, ; Helsinki, Finland
                [50 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 1371, GRID grid.1374.1, Department of Lung Diseases and Clinical Immunology, , University of Turku and Terveystalo allergy clinic, ; Turku, Finland
                [51 ]ISNI 0000000121662407, GRID grid.5379.8, Division of Infection, Immunity 1 Respiratory Medicine, , University of Manchester, ; Manchester, UK
                [52 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2155 0800, GRID grid.5216.0, Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, , University of Athens, ; Athens, Greece
                [53 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0576 3437, GRID grid.8127.c, Department of Otorhinolaryngology University of Crete School of Medicine, ; Heraklion, Greece
                [54 ]Allergy Department Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece
                [55 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2166 6619, GRID grid.9601.e, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, , Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, ; Istanbul, Turkey
                [56 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0595 6052, GRID grid.411688.2, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Turkey and GARD Executive Committee, , Celal Bayar University, ; Manisa, Turkey
                [57 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0512 5013, GRID grid.7143.1, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), , Odense University Hospital, ; Odense, Denmark
                [58 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0626, GRID grid.4714.6, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, , Karolinska Institutet, ; Stockholm, Sweden
                [59 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9457, GRID grid.8993.b, Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, , Uppsala University, ; Eskilstuna, Sweden
                [60 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0626 3303, GRID grid.410566.0, Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, , Ghent University Hospital, ; Ghent, Belgium
                [61 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0626 3338, GRID grid.410569.f, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, , Univ Hospitals Leuven, ; Leuven, Belgium
                [62 ]ISNI 0000000084992262, GRID grid.7177.6, Academic Medical Center, , Univ of Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
                [63 ]Euforea, Brussels, Belgium
                [64 ]Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Glebe, NSW Australia
                [65 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, GRID grid.1002.3, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, , Monash University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [66 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 7857, GRID grid.1002.3, Department of Immunology, , Monash University, ; Melbourne, Victoria Australia
                [67 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1245 3953, GRID grid.10979.36, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, , Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, ; Olomouc, Czech Republic
                [68 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0940 1669, GRID grid.6546.1, Fachbereich Biologie, , Technische Universität, ; Darmstadt, Germany
                [69 ]Peercode BV, Geldermalsen, The Netherlands
                [70 ]ISNI 0000000121866389, GRID grid.7429.8, INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and chronic diseases Epidemiological and public health approaches, ; Villejuif, France
                [71 ]Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
                [72 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0599 0488, GRID grid.464638.b, LIRMM, ; Montpellier, France
                Article
                194
                10.1186/s40413-018-0194-3
                6048852
                30061979
                c12ae495-b974-4502-9c37-b59040a24132
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 May 2018
                : 19 June 2018
                Categories
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Immunology
                anonymization,app,mask,rhinitis,asthma
                Immunology
                anonymization, app, mask, rhinitis, asthma

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