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      Narrativas sobre cambios de conductas en salud durante el confinamiento en España según género Translated title: Narratives on changes in health-related behaviours during lockdown in Spain according to gender

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar las experiencias relacionadas con los comportamientos orientados a la salud durante el confinamiento en la población residente en España desde una perspectiva de género. Método Investigación cualitativa con enfoque crítico y feminista. Se realizaron 29 entrevistas semiestructuradas (17 mujeres y 12 hombres) entre junio y julio de 2020, por vía telefónica, a personas que habían contestado previamente a una encuesta on-line. Las entrevistas se transcribieron y se realizó un análisis de contenido temático diferenciando las experiencias de mujeres y hombres. Los datos fueron triangulados por el equipo investigador. Resultados En las mujeres emergió mayor diversidad en torno a las conductas de salud. En ellas destacaron las difíciles vivencias relacionadas con la COVID-19, la complejidad en la convivencia y realizar trabajo de cuidados no remunerados, así como la importancia de las redes de apoyo. En los hombres hubo diferentes actitudes hacia el deporte, se valoró positivamente el autocuidado y tener tiempo para la alimentación saludable, y hubo una buena valoración sobre la convivencia y la organización en las tareas domésticas. En ambos, la sobrecarga laboral y los problemas económicos se relacionaron con malestar emocional y dificultades para realizar actividades saludables. Conclusiones Los comportamientos orientados a la salud durante el confinamiento difirieron según género. Estuvieron sobre todo limitados a experiencias con la COVID-19, condiciones socioeconómicas y carga de cuidados. Resulta fundamental adaptar los programas de salud pública y atención primaria según los momentos vitales de las personas, considerando sus escenarios sociales y cuestionando los roles tradicionales de género.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective To explore experiences related to health-oriented behaviours during lockdown in the Spanish resident population from a gender perspective. Method Qualitative research with a critical and feminist approach. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews (17 women and 12 men) were conducted between June and July 2020 via telephone with people who had previously answered an online survey. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic content analysis was carried out, differentiating between the experiences of women and men. The data were triangulated by the research team. Results Among women, greater diversity emerged in terms of health behaviours. Among them, the difficult experiences related to COVID-19, the complexity of living together and doing unpaid care work, as well as the importance of support networks, stood out. Among men, there were different attitudes towards sport, self-care and having time for healthy eating were positively valued, and there was a good assessment of coexistence and organisation in household chores. In both men and women, work overload and economic problems were related to emotional distress and difficulties in carrying out healthy activities. Conclusions Health-oriented behaviours during lockdown differed according to gender. They were mostly limited to COVID-19 experiences, socio-economic conditions and burden of care. It is essential to tailor public health and primary care programmes according to people's life moments, taking into account their social context and questioning traditional gender roles.

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          Most cited references36

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          Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine

          Summary Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
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            The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health.

            Intersectionality is a theoretical framework that posits that multiple social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status) intersect at the micro level of individual experience to reflect multiple interlocking systems of privilege and oppression at the macro, social-structural level (e.g., racism, sexism, heterosexism). Public health's commitment to social justice makes it a natural fit with intersectionality's focus on multiple historically oppressed populations. Yet despite a plethora of research focused on these populations, public health studies that reflect intersectionality in their theoretical frameworks, designs, analyses, or interpretations are rare. Accordingly, I describe the history and central tenets of intersectionality, address some theoretical and methodological challenges, and highlight the benefits of intersectionality for public health theory, research, and policy.
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              Gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior: Panel evidence from eight countries

              The initial public health response to the breakout of COVID-19 required fundamental changes in individual behavior, such as isolation at home or wearing masks. The effectiveness of these policies hinges on generalized public obedience. Yet, people’s level of compliance may depend on their beliefs regarding the pandemic. We use original data from two waves of a survey conducted in March and April 2020 in eight Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries ( n = 21,649) to study gender differences in COVID-19−related beliefs and behaviors. We show that women are more likely to perceive COVID-19 as a very serious health problem, to agree with restraining public policy measures, and to comply with them. Gender differences in attitudes and behavior are sizable in all countries. They are accounted for neither by sociodemographic and employment characteristics nor by psychological and behavioral factors. They are only partially mitigated for individuals who cohabit or have direct exposure to the virus. We show that our results are not due to differential social desirability bias. This evidence has important implications for public health policies and communication on COVID-19, which may need to be gender based, and it unveils a domain of gender differences: behavioral changes in response to a new risk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                2023
                : 37
                : 102296
                Affiliations
                [1] Barcelona orgnameFundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol) España
                [2] Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona España
                [6] Barcelona orgnameHospital Clínic orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiología España
                [4] Girona orgnameFundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol) orgdiv1Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Girona España
                [5] Girona Cataluña orgnameUniversitat de Girona orgdiv1Departament d’Infermeria Spain
                [3] orgnameRed de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS) España
                Article
                S0213-91112023000100207 S0213-9111(23)03700000207
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102296
                36921453
                c13c8052-0b7b-4b28-9ea4-fca3c7cff266

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 August 2022
                : 17 January 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Originales

                Gender role,Quarantine,COVID-19,Qualitative research,Comportamientos en salud,Rol de género,Cuarentena,Health behaviour,Investigación cualitativa

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