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      Visual Improvement in High Myopic Amblyopic Adult Eyes following Phakic Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To evaluate the efficacy and safety of angle-supported phakic anterior chamber intraocular lenses in amblyopic adult eyes with very high myopia.

          Methods

          We evaluated 12 eyes in nine patients with very high myopic amblyopia who received angle-supported phakic intraocular lenses (Phakic 6H®) and followed them for more than six months. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and complications were evaluated. A satisfaction score was rated by patients using a 5-point (1~5) numeric scale.

          Results

          The mean age of patients was 37.3±9.4 years, ranging from 29 to 59 years old. The preoperative mean refraction (spherical equivalent, SE) was -20.10±5.41 diopters (D). The postoperative mean refraction (SE) was -1.75±0.76 D at six months. The postoperative BCVA improved an average 3.92±1.24 lines over preoperative values, and mean endothelial cell loss was 8.9% at six months. Development of cataracts, glaucoma, and pupil abnormalities were not demonstrated in any case during the study. The patients were all very satisfied, as the average satisfaction score was 4.3.

          Conclusions

          This study indicates that angle-supported phakic anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation may be an effective surgical alternative for the correction of amblyopic adult eyes with very high myopia. However, long-term evaluation is necessary to assess possible complications and long-term safety.

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          Most cited references32

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          U.S. Food and Drug Administration clinical trial of the Implantable Contact Lens for moderate to high myopia.

          (2003)
          To assess the safety and efficacy of the Implantable Contact Lens (ICL) to treat moderate to high myopia. Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. Five hundred twenty-three eyes of 291 patients with between 3 and 20.0 diopters (D) of myopia participating in the U. S. Food and Drug Administration clinical trial of the ICL for myopia. Implantation of the ICL. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), adverse events, operative and postoperative complications, lens opacity analysis (Lens Opacity Classification System III), subjective satisfaction, and symptoms. Twelve months postoperatively, 60.1% of patients had a visual acuity of 20/20 or better, and 92.5% had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Patients averaged a 10.31-line improvement in UCVA, 61.6% of patients were within 0.5 D, and 84.7% were within 1.0 D of predicted refraction. Only one case (0.2%) lost > 2 lines of BSCVA. Gains of 2 or more lines of BSCVA occurred in 55 cases (11.8%) at 6 months and 41 cases (9.6%) at 1 year after ICL surgery. Early and largely asymptomatic, presumably surgically induced anterior subcapsular (AS) opacities were seen in 11 cases (2.1%); an additional early AS opacity (0.2%) was seen because of inadvertent anterior chamber irrigation of preservative-containing solution at surgery. Two (0.4%) late (> or = 1 year postoperatively) AS opacities were observed. Two (0.4%) ICL removals with cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation have been performed. Patient satisfaction (very/extremely satisfied) was reported by 92.4% of subjects on the subjective questionnaire; only four patients (1.0%) reported dissatisfaction. Slightly more patients reported an improvement at 1 year over baseline values for the following subjective symptoms: quality of vision, glare, double vision, and night driving difficulties. Only a 3% difference between pre-ICL and post-ICL surgery was reported for haloes. The results support the safety, efficacy, and predictability of ICL implantation to treat moderate to high myopia.
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            Comparison of corneal wavefront aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis.

            To compare changes in the corneal wavefront aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. In a prospective randomized study, 22 patients with bilateral myopia received photorefractive keratectomy on one eye and laser in situ keratomileusis on the other eye. The procedure assigned to each eye and the sequence of surgery for each patient were randomized. Corneal topography measurements were performed preoperatively, 2 and 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The data were used to calculate the wavefront aberrations of the cornea for both small (3-mm) and large (7-mm) pupils. Both photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis significantly increased the total wavefront aberrations for 3- and 7-mm pupils, and values did not return to the preoperative level throughout the 12-month follow-up period. For a 3-mm pupil, there was no statistically significant difference between photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis at any postoperative point. For a 7-mm pupil, the post-laser in situ keratomileusis eyes exhibited significantly larger total aberrations than the post-photorefractive keratectomy eyes, where a significant intergroup difference was observed for spherical-like aberration, but not for coma-like aberration. This discrepancy seemed to be attributable to the smaller transition zone of the laser ablation in the laser in situ keratomileusis procedure. Before surgery, simulated pupillary dilation from 3 to 7 mm caused a five- to six-fold increase in the total aberrations. After surgery, the same dilation resulted in a 25- to 32-fold increase in the photorefractive keratectomy group and a 28- to 46-fold increase in the laser in situ keratomileusis group. For a 3-mm pupil, the proportion of coma-like aberration increased after both photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. For a 7-mm pupil, coma-like aberration was dominant before surgery, but spherical-like aberration became dominant postoperatively. Both photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis increase the wavefront aberrations of the cornea and change the relative contribution of coma- and spherical-like aberrations. For a large pupil, laser in situ keratomileusis induces more spherical aberrations than photorefractive keratectomy. This finding could be attributable to the smaller transition zone of the laser ablation in the laser in situ keratomileusis procedure.
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              Retinal detachment after clear lens extraction for high myopia: seven-year follow-up.

              To prospectively evaluate the incidence of complications, particularly retinal detachment, 7 years after clear lens extraction (CLE) for myopia greater than -12 diopters (D). Extended follow-up of noncomparative case series. Fifty-two eyes of 30 patients with preoperative myopia greater than -12 D, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/100 or better, and intolerance of contact lenses. Patients with lattice degeneration, retinal tear, or hole underwent photocoagulation before CLE. The authors performed phacoemulsification through a 3.2-mm-wide incision using primary irrigation and aspiration, widened the incision to 6.5 mm, and implanted a one-piece polymethyl methacrylate intraocular lens (IOL). The BCVA, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), stability of spherical equivalent (SE), neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy rate, and complications (especially retinal detachment). At 7 years, the SEs of 29 eyes (59.1%) were within +/-1.0 D of emmetropia and 42 eyes (85.7%) were within +/-2.0 D. Mean SE was -1.01 D (+/-0.94). At 7 years, mean UCVA was 20/80 compared with 20/66 at 1 year. BCVA and UCVA were better in eyes with open capsules versus intact capsules. During the 7 years, 30 eyes (61.2%) required capsulotomy for opacification. Mean time for capsulotomy was 48.4 months after CLE. The authors performed ten argon laser retinal treatments after surgery, with all but one in the first postoperative year. The overall incidence of posterior vitreous detachment was 16.3%. The incidence of retinal detachment during the 7 years was 4 of 49 eyes, or 8.1% (vs. 2.0% at 4 years). One patient had bilateral retinal detachments. Despite advances in surgical technique, retinal detachment remains a major concern after CLE for high myopia. In the authors' series, the incidence of retinal detachment after CLE was nearly double that estimated for persons with myopia greater than -10 D who do not undergo surgery. Although CLE has advantages, including rapid and predictable visual rehabilitation, stable refraction, the ability to replace the IOL, and often superb optical quality with no irregular astigmatism, it is invasive and can result in severe vision loss. Long and continuous follow-up of the outcomes of CLE for high myopia is absolutely necessary before the authors can consider CLE as a routine option for patients with high myopia.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Korean J Ophthalmol
                KJO
                Korean Journal of Ophthalmology : KJO
                The Korean Ophthalmological Society
                1011-8942
                June 2006
                30 June 2006
                : 20
                : 2
                : 87-92
                Affiliations
                Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
                Author notes
                Reprint requests to Kyung Hwan Shyn, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center, #1198 Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 405-760, Korea. Tel: 82-32-460-3758, Fax: 82-32-460-3358, khshyn@ 123456gilhospital.com
                Article
                10.3341/kjo.2006.20.2.87
                2908833
                16892643
                c1541266-0ead-44b7-9f30-6708dce3bce3
                Copyright © 2006 by the Korean Ophthalmological Society

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 03 November 2005
                : 06 April 2006
                Categories
                Original Article

                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                high myopia,phakic anterior chamber lens,amblyopia
                Ophthalmology & Optometry
                high myopia, phakic anterior chamber lens, amblyopia

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