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      Eficacia del uso de claves de color en ilustraciones para el aprendizaje de la relación entre estructura y función en un curso de anatomía Translated title: Efficacy of using color keys in illustrations for learning the relation structure and function in an anatomy course

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          Abstract

          Introducción. La enseñanza de la anatomía humana ha hecho uso de diversas estrategias en la formación médica. Frente al surgimiento de nuevos métodos de enseñanza, planteamos un sistema de ilustraciones basado en claves de color que resaltan y simplifican la relación entre estructura y función. Asimismo, comparamos su eficacia frente a otros sistemas tradicionales. Sujetos y métodos. Ejecutamos un estudio experimental en estudiantes de pregrado de Medicina, asignados aleatoriamente en tres grupos que recibieron clases teóricas y prácticas, y material de texto para el aprendizaje de tópicos seleccionados de anatomía del miembro superior. El grupo ‘control’ no recibió material adicional, el grupo ‘tradicional’ recibió ilustraciones de alto realismo y a color y el grupo ‘colores’ recibió ilustraciones que hicieron uso de claves de color para la relación entre estructura y función. Los estudiantes fueron evaluados de forma teórica a través de una evaluación ad hoc y sometidos a una evaluación práctica a través del reconocimiento de estructuras cadavéricas. Los resultados se expresaron como media y desviación estándar. Resultados. En el estudio participaron 82 estudiantes distribuidos en tres grupos. No hubo diferencias en cuanto a edad y sexo. Las calificaciones de la evaluación teórica fueron mayores en el tercil medio de los estudiantes del grupo ‘colores’, 57,8% (5,8%), comparados con el grupo ‘tradicional’, 43,5% (3,9%). No existieron diferencias significativas en la evaluación práctica. Conclusión. El uso de claves de color en las ilustraciones tuvo una eficacia superior en un subgrupo de estudiantes cuando fue comparado con otro tipo de material (ilustraciones de alto realismo) para el aprendizaje de anatomía.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction. The teaching of human anatomy has made use of various strategies in medical training. Faced with the emergence of new teaching methods, we propose a system of illustrations based on color codes that highlight and simplify the relationship between structure and function. Likewise, we compare its effectiveness against other traditional systems. Subjects and methods. We carried out an experimental study in undergraduate medical students, randomly assigned into three groups that received theoretical and practical classes, and text material for learning selected topics of upper limb anatomy. The ‘control’ group received no additional material, the ‘traditional’ group received highly realistic and colored illustrations, and the ‘colors’ group received illustrations that made use of color keys for the relationship between structure and function. The students were evaluated theoretically through an ad-hoc evaluation, and subjected to a practical evaluation, through the recognition of cadaveric structures. The results were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Results. 82 students participated in the study, divided into three groups. There were no differences regarding age and sex. The theoretical evaluation scores were higher in the middle tertile of the students in the ‘colors’ group: 57.8% (5.8%) compared to the ‘traditional’ group: 43.5% (3.9%). There were no significant differences in the practical evaluation. Conclusion. The use of color codes in illustrations was more effective in a subgroup of students when it was compared to other types of material (highly realistic illustrations) for learning anatomy.

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          Teaching anatomy without cadavers.

          Anatomy learning is generally seen as essential to medicine, and exposure to cadavers is generally seen as essential to anatomy learning around the world. Few voices dissenting from these propositions can be identified. This paper aims to consider arguments relating to the use of cadavers in anatomy teaching, and to describe the rationale behind the decision of a new UK medical school not to use cadaveric material. First, the background to use of cadavers in anatomy learning is explored, and some general educational principles are explored. Next, arguments for the use of human cadaveric material are summarised. Then, possible arguments against use of cadavers, including educational principles as well as costs, hazards and practicality, are considered. These are much less well explored in the existing literature. Next, the rationale behind the decision of a new UK medical school not to use cadaveric material is indicated, and the programme of anatomy teaching to be employed in the absence of the use of human remains is described. Curriculum design and development, and evaluation procedures, are briefly described. Issues surrounding pathology training by autopsy, and postgraduate training in surgical anatomy, are not addressed in this paper. Evidence relating to the effect on medical learning by students not exposed to cadavers is scant, and plainly opportunities will now arise through our programme to gather such evidence. We anticipate that this discussion paper will contribute to an ongoing debate, in which virtually all previous papers on this topic have concluded that use of cadavers is essential to medical learning.
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            Anatomy teaching: ghosts of the past, present and future.

            Anatomy teaching has perhaps the longest history of any component of formalised medical education. In this article we briefly consider the history of dissection, but also review the neglected topic of the history of the use of living anatomy. The current debates about the advantages and disadvantages of cadavers, prosection versus dissection, and the use of living anatomy and radiology instead of cadavers are discussed. Future prospects are considered, along with some of the factors that might inhibit change.
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              A meta-analysis of anatomy laboratory pedagogies.

              The debate regarding anatomy laboratory teaching approaches is ongoing and controversial. To date, the literature has yielded only speculative conclusions because of general methodological weaknesses and a lack of summative empirical evidence. Through a meta-analysis, this study compared the effectiveness of instructional laboratory approaches used in anatomy education to objectively and more conclusively synthesize the existing literature. Studies published between January 1965 and December 2015 were searched through five databases. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved records were screened using eligibility criteria to determine their appropriateness for study inclusion. Only numerical data were extracted for analysis. A summary effect size was estimated to determine the effects of laboratory pedagogies on learner performance and perceptions data were compiled to provide additional context. Of the 3,035 records screened, 327 underwent full-text review. Twenty-seven studies, comprising a total of 7,731 participants, were included in the analysis. The meta-analysis detected no effect (standardized mean difference = -0.03; 95% CI = -0.16 to 0.10; P = 0.62) on learner performance. Additionally, a moderator analysis detected no effects (P ≥ 0.16) for study design, learner population, intervention length, or specimen type. Across studies, student performance on knowledge examinations was equivalent regardless of being exposed to either dissection or another laboratory instructional strategy. This was true of every comparison investigated (i.e., dissection vs. prosection, dissection vs. digital media, dissection vs. models/modeling, and dissection vs. hybrid). In the context of short-term knowledge gains alone, dissection is no better, and no worse, than alternative instructional modalities. Clin. Anat. 31:122-133, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                fem
                FEM: Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica
                FEM (Ed. impresa)
                Fundación Educación Médica y Viguera Editores, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                2014-9832
                2014-9840
                2021
                : 24
                : 3
                : 139-142
                Affiliations
                [1] Arequipa Arequipa orgnameUniversidad Nacional de San Agustín Peru
                Article
                S2014-98322021000300006 S2014-9832(21)02400300006
                c17d2942-6b6c-49c7-bc23-51cd8d4fd087

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 06 April 2021
                : 13 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 15, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                Higher education,Medical education,Anatomy,Educación superior,Educación médica,Anatomía

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