Evaluating depression with multimodal wristband-type wearable device: screening and assessing patient severity utilizing machine-learning

Abstract

Objective

We aimed to develop a machine learning algorithm to screen for depression and assess severity based on data from wearable devices.

Methods

We used a wearable device that calculates steps, energy expenditure, body movement, sleep time, heart rate, skin temperature, and ultraviolet light exposure. Depressed patients and healthy volunteers wore the device continuously for the study period. The modalities were compared hourly between patients and healthy volunteers. XGBoost was used to build machine learning models and 10-fold cross-validation was applied for the validation.

Results

Forty-five depressed patients and 41 healthy controls participated, creating a combined 5,250 days' worth of data. Heart rate, steps, and sleep were significantly different between patients and healthy volunteers in some comparisons. Similar differences were also observed longitudinally when patients' symptoms improved. Based on seven days' data, the model identified symptomatic patients with 0.76 accuracy and predicted Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 scores with a 0.61 correlation coefficient. Skin temperature, sleep time-related features, and the correlation of those modalities were the most significant features in machine learning.

Limitations

The small number of subjects who participated in this study may have weakened the statistical significance of the study. There are differences in the demographic data among groups although we performed a correction for multiple comparisons. Validation in independent datasets was not performed, although 10-fold cross validation with the internal data was conducted.

Conclusion

The results indicated that utilizing wearable devices and machine learning may be useful in identifying depression as well as assessing severity.

Abstract

Psychiatry; Biological psychiatry; Depression; Clinical research; Health informatics; Health technology; Diagnostics; Biomarkers; Machine learning; Wearable electronic devices; Heart rate; Sleep; Body temp