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      Rare and Multiple Alloimmunization in Antenatal Women: A Case Report

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          ABSTRACT

          Maternal alloimmunization is uncommon and highly variable, and general obstetricians are not familiar with, non-ABO, non-D alloimmunization. Therefore, when a woman with anti-D alloimmunization, who has received antibody prophylaxis, still develops fetal anemia in a subsequent pregnancy, it is commonly labeled as inadequate prophylaxis or a coincidental non-immune cause of fetal anemia. We report a similar case of unusual and multiple alloimmunization, where anti-D, anti-C, and anti-U antibodies were present resulting in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The case emphasizes the need for routine and periodic antibody screening in all pregnant women, irrespective of their ABO and Rh status, which will allow monitoring from early pregnancy and timely intervention to avoid poor fetal and neonatal outcomes.

          How to cite this article

          Garg S, Payal V, Sharma U, et al. Rare and Multiple Alloimmunization in Antenatal Women: A Case Report. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2023;15(3):362–364.

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          Most cited references5

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          Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn: Modern Practice and Future Investigations

          Red blood cell (RBC) sensitization occurs in some women in response to exposure to paternally derived RBC antigens during pregnancy or to nonself antigens on transfused RBCs during their lifetime. Once sensitized, future pregnancies may be at risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Although great strides have been made over the past few decades in terms of identifying blood group antigens and in predicting fetal anemia through the use of noninvasive monitoring, many questions remain in terms of understanding RBC alloimmunization risk factors, preventative therapies, and treatment strategies. At the present time, there is room for improvement in these areas in both developed and developing countries. Evidence-based, universal guidelines describing recommended RBC antigen matching transfusion strategies for girls or women, before pregnancy or during intrauterine transfusions, would be welcomed. A better understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of Rh immunoglobulin, first introduced more than half of a century ago and one of the most successful immunoprophylaxis therapies in existence today, would also be a large step forward. For example, answers to questions of the role(s) that fetal RBC clearance, antigen masking, antigen modulation, and immune suppression play in the effectiveness of Rh immunoglobulin may help to guide the development of novel preventative therapies during pregnancy for immunization to RhD and non-RhD antigens. Furthermore, a better understanding of the importance of anti-RhD or other alloantibody glycosylation patterns may be beneficial not only in developing such novel immunoprophylaxis therapies but also in predicting the clinical significance of existing maternal alloantibodies. One other area of need includes the development of therapies beyond intrauterine transfusions to mitigate the dangers of maternal alloantibodies to developing fetuses. We challenge physicians, scientists, and funding agencies to prioritize studies of RBC alloimmunization and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and to invest in the children of our future.
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            Risk of maternal alloimmunization in Southern Pakistan – A study in a cohort of 1000 pregnant women

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              Prevalence of “unexpected antibodies” in the antenatal women attending the Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                JSAFOG
                Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
                JSAFOG
                Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
                0974-8938
                0975-1920
                May-June 2023
                : 15
                : 3
                : 362-364
                Affiliations
                [1–3 ]Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
                [4 ]Department of Immuno Haematology Blood Transfusion, Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
                Author notes
                Swati Garg, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, Phone: +91 9414048000, e-mail: drswati_garg@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                10.5005/jp-journals-10006-2254
                c188e5f3-8d58-4f42-b0e2-b1036c9ea584
                Copyright © 2023; The Author(s).

                © The Author(s). 2023 Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and non-commercial reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 11 March 2023
                : 19 May 2023
                : 31 July 2023
                Categories
                CASE REPORT
                Custom metadata
                jsafog-15-362.pdf

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Foetal anemia,Antibody prophylaxis,Anti-U antibody,Alloimmunization,Antibody screening

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