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      Relação entre os estados de humor e a síndrome de overtraining em jovens atletas Translated title: Relationship between mood states and overtraining syndrome in young athletes Translated title: Relación entre estados de ánimo y síndrome de overtraining en jóvenes deportistas

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          Abstract

          RESUMO O presente estudo analisou a associação entre estados humor e Síndrome de Overtraining (SOT) em jovens atletas e as possíveis diferenças nos estados de humor e na SOT em função do nível competitivo e em função das idades. Métodos: No total, 219 jovens atletas, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 17 anos (M = 14.81; DP = 1.35), foram considerados para análise deste estudo. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que existe uma relação positiva e significativa entre a depressão, o desajuste ao treino, a confusão (negativo) e a tensão com a SOT. Foram, também, encontradas diferenças significativas nos estados de humor hostilidade e depressão em função do nível competitivo e nos estados de humor confusão (positivo) e hostilidade em função da idade. Conclusão Estes dados indicam, não só, que existe uma associação positiva entre estados de humor negativos e a SOT, como a existência de diferenças entre níveis competitivos e entre idades, sendo, por isso, necessário ter em conta essas variáveis.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT This study analyzed the association between mood states and Overtraining Syndrome (OTS) in young athletes and the possible differences in mood states and in OTS considering the competitive level and age groups. Methods: In total, 219 young athletes, aged between 13 and 17 years old (M = 14.81; SD = 1.35), were considered for analysis in this study. Results: The results demonstrate that there is a positive and significant relationship between depression, maladjustment to training, confusion (negative) and tension with OTS. Significant differences were also found in the mood states, anger and depression at the competitive level, and in confusion (positive) and anger according to age. Conclusions: These data indicate, not only, that there is a positive association between negative mood states and OTS, as well as the existence of differences between competitive levels and between age groups, therefore, it is necessary to take these variables into account.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Este estudio analizó la asociación entre los estados de ánimo y el Síndrome de Overtraining (SOT) en deportistas jóvenes y las posibles diferencias en los estados de ánimo y en SOT considerando el nivel competitivo y los grupos de edad. Métodos: En total, 219 atletas jóvenes, con edades entre 13 y 17 años (M = 14.81; DT = 1.35), fueron considerados para el análisis en este estudio. Resultados: Los resultados demuestran que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre depresión, inadaptación al entrenamiento, confusión (negativa) y tensión con SOT. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en los estados de ánimo, ira y depresión a nivel competitivo, y en confusión (positiva) e ira según la edad. Conclusiones: Estos datos indican, no solo, que existe una asociación positiva entre estados de ánimo negativos y SOT, así como la existencia de diferencias entre niveles competitivos y entre grupos de edad, por lo que es necesario tener en cuenta estas variables.

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          Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine.

          Successful training not only must involve overload but also must avoid the combination of excessive overload plus inadequate recovery. Athletes can experience short-term performance decrement without severe psychological or lasting other negative symptoms. This functional overreaching will eventually lead to an improvement in performance after recovery. When athletes do not sufficiently respect the balance between training and recovery, nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) can occur. The distinction between NFOR and overtraining syndrome (OTS) is very difficult and will depend on the clinical outcome and exclusion diagnosis. The athlete will often show the same clinical, hormonal, and other signs and symptoms. A keyword in the recognition of OTS might be "prolonged maladaptation" not only of the athlete but also of several biological, neurochemical, and hormonal regulation mechanisms. It is generally thought that symptoms of OTS, such as fatigue, performance decline, and mood disturbances, are more severe than those of NFOR. However, there is no scientific evidence to either confirm or refute this suggestion. One approach to understanding the etiology of OTS involves the exclusion of organic diseases or infections and factors such as dietary caloric restriction (negative energy balance) and insufficient carbohydrate and/or protein intake, iron deficiency, magnesium deficiency, allergies, and others together with identification of initiating events or triggers. In this article, we provide the recent status of possible markers for the detection of OTS. Currently, several markers (hormones, performance tests, psychological tests, and biochemical and immune markers) are used, but none of them meet all the criteria to make their use generally accepted.
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            The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review

            Background The physical impacts of elite sport participation have been well documented; however, there is comparatively less research on the mental health and psychological wellbeing of elite athletes. Objective This review appraises the evidence base regarding the mental health and wellbeing of elite-level athletes, including the incidence and/or nature of mental ill-health and substance use. Methods A systematic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases, up to and including May 2015, was conducted. Results The search yielded a total of 2279 records. Following double screening, 60 studies were included. The findings suggested that elite athletes experience a broadly comparable risk of high-prevalence mental disorders (i.e. anxiety, depression) relative to the general population. Evidence regarding other mental health domains (i.e. eating disorders, substance use, stress and coping) is less consistent. These results are prefaced, however, by the outcome of the quality assessment of the included studies, which demonstrated that relatively few studies (25 %) were well reported or methodologically rigorous. Furthermore, there is a lack of intervention-based research on this topic. Conclusion The evidence base regarding the mental health and wellbeing of elite athletes is limited by a paucity of high-quality, systematic studies. Nonetheless, the research demonstrates that this population is vulnerable to a range of mental health problems (including substance misuse), which may be related to both sporting factors (e.g. injury, overtraining and burnout) and non-sporting factors. More high-quality epidemiological and intervention studies are needed to inform optimal strategies to identify and respond to player mental health needs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Mental Health In Elite Athletes: Increased Awareness Requires An Early Intervention Framework to Respond to Athlete Needs

              The current ‘state of play’ in supporting elite athlete mental health and wellbeing has centred mostly on building mental health literacy or awareness of the signs of mental ill-health amongst athletes. Such awareness is necessary, but not sufficient to address the varied mental health needs of elite athletes. We call for a new model of intervention and outline the backbone of a comprehensive mental health framework to promote athlete mental health and wellbeing, and respond to the needs of athletes who are at-risk of developing, or already experiencing mental health symptoms or disorders. Early detection of, and intervention for, mental health symptoms is essential in the elite sporting context. Such approaches help build cultures that acknowledge that an athlete’s mental health needs are as important as their physical health needs, and that both are likely to contribute to optimising the athlete’s overall wellbeing in conjunction with performance excellence. The proposed framework aims at (i) helping athletes develop a range of self-management skills that they can utilise to manage psychological distress, (ii) equipping key stakeholders in the elite sporting environment (such as coaches, sports medicine and high-performance support staff) to better recognise and respond to concerns regarding an athlete’s mental health and (iii) highlighting the need for specialist multi-disciplinary teams or skilled mental health professionals to manage athletes with severe or complex mental disorders. Combined, these components ensure that elite athletes receive the intervention and support that they need at the right time, in the right place, with the right person.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpd
                Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte
                CPD
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Región de Murcia, Spain )
                1578-8423
                1989-5879
                April 2022
                : 22
                : 1
                : 279-291
                Affiliations
                [1] Rio Maior orgnameEscola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior (ESDRM - IPSantarém) Portugal
                [3] Vila Real orgnameCentro de Investigação em Desporto, Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano (CIDESD) Portugal
                [4] Santarém orgnameCentro de Investigação em Qualidade de Vida (CIEQV) Portugal
                [2] Leiria orgnameInstituto Politécnico de Leiria orgdiv1ESECS Portugal
                Article
                S1578-84232022000100021 S1578-8423(22)02200100021
                10.6018/cpd.486041
                c18918bd-cd28-4870-91e6-9ba5d3a440d4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 July 2021
                : 11 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 13
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                Jovens atletas,Síndrome de Overtraining,Nível competitivo,Mood States,Overtraining Syndrome,Young Athletes,Competitive level,Estados de ánimo,Atletas jóvenes,Nivel competitivo,Estados de Humor

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