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      The Rise of Partisanship and Super-Cooperators in the U.S. House of Representatives

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          Abstract

          It is widely reported that partisanship in the United States Congress is at an historic high. Given that individuals are persuaded to follow party lines while having the opportunity and incentives to collaborate with members of the opposite party, our goal is to measure the extent to which legislators tend to form ideological relationships with members of the opposite party. We quantify the level of cooperation, or lack thereof, between Democrat and Republican Party members in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949–2012. We define a network of over 5 million pairs of representatives, and compare the mutual agreement rates on legislative decisions between two distinct types of pairs: those from the same party and those formed of members from different parties. We find that despite short-term fluctuations, partisanship or non-cooperation in the U.S. Congress has been increasing exponentially for over 60 years with no sign of abating or reversing. Yet, a group of representatives continue to cooperate across party lines despite growing partisanship.

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          A hierarchical O(N log N) force-calculation algorithm

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            Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs.

            Four studies demonstrated both the power of group influence in persuasion and people's blindness to it. Even under conditions of effortful processing, attitudes toward a social policy depended almost exclusively upon the stated position of one's political party. This effect overwhelmed the impact of both the policy's objective content and participants' ideological beliefs (Studies 1-3), and it was driven by a shift in the assumed factual qualities of the policy and in its perceived moral connotations (Study 4). Nevertheless, participants denied having been influenced by their political group, although they believed that other individuals, especially their ideological adversaries, would be so influenced. The underappreciated role of social identity in persuasion is discussed.
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              Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An Experimental Simulation

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                21 April 2015
                2015
                : 10
                : 4
                : e0123507
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
                [3 ]Sense able, City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
                [4 ]Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
                [5 ]School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
                [6 ]IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
                [7 ]Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
                [8 ]United States Senate Budget Committee, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
                Cinvestav-Merida, MEXICO
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have the following interests: At the time of the study, David Lee was a member of Senseable. Clio Andris and Mauro Martino were past members. Senseable's partners are a group of corporations, including AT&T, General Electric, Audi, ENEL, SNCF. Mauro Martino is employed by IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter their adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: CA MJH. Performed the experiments: CA CEG MJH. Analyzed the data: CA DL CEG MJH MM JAS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DL CA. Wrote the paper: JAS CA DL MJH. Designed Interactive Website: MM.

                Article
                PONE-D-14-14018
                10.1371/journal.pone.0123507
                4405569
                25897956
                c1a87cd8-406a-4b15-a4ed-63076cff00f4
                Copyright @ 2015

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                : 28 March 2014
                : 4 March 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, Pages: 14
                Funding
                This work was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (grant no T32EB009414) (to CEG), http://www.nibib.nih.gov/; John Templeton Foundation (grant no 15075) http://www.templeton.org/ (to CA, MJH); and National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship—Army Research Office (to CA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center provided support in the form of a salary for author MM, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Congressional Roll Call Vote Data originally provided by the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Accessible through Govtrak at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes. Copyright Civic Impulse, LLC, (2014) Retrieved in bulk via instructions from https://www.govtrack.us/developers/data. Data on Congressional productivity and approval rate at: Ornstein N, Mann T, Malbin M, Rugg A (2013) Vital statistics on Congress. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2013/07/vital-statistics-congress-mann-ornstein.

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