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      Classification of Movement and Inhibition Using a Hybrid BCI

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          Abstract

          Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are an emerging technology that are capable of turning brain electrical activity into commands for an external device. Motor imagery (MI)—when a person imagines a motion without executing it—is widely employed in BCI devices for motor control because of the endogenous origin of its neural control mechanisms, and the similarity in brain activation to actual movements. Challenges with translating a MI-BCI into a practical device used outside laboratories include the extensive training required, often due to poor user engagement and visual feedback response delays; poor user flexibility/freedom to time the execution/inhibition of their movements, and to control the movement type (right arm vs. left leg) and characteristics (reaching vs. grabbing); and high false positive rates of motion control. Solutions to improve sensorimotor activation and user performance of MI-BCIs have been explored. Virtual reality (VR) motor-execution tasks have replaced simpler visual feedback (smiling faces, arrows) and have solved this problem to an extent. Hybrid BCIs (hBCIs) implementing an additional control signal to MI have improved user control capabilities to a limited extent. These hBCIs either fail to allow the patients to gain asynchronous control of their movements, or have a high false positive rate. We propose an immersive VR environment which provides visual feedback that is both engaging and immediate, but also uniquely engages a different cognitive process in the patient that generates event-related potentials (ERPs). These ERPs provide a key executive function for the users to execute/inhibit movements. Additionally, we propose signal processing strategies and machine learning algorithms to move BCIs toward developing long-term signal stability in patients with distinctive brain signals and capabilities to control motor signals. The hBCI itself and the VR environment we propose would help to move BCI technology outside laboratory environments for motor rehabilitation in hospitals, and potentially for controlling a prosthetic.

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          Most cited references28

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              The Hybrid BCI

              Nowadays, everybody knows what a hybrid car is. A hybrid car normally has two engines to enhance energy efficiency and reduce CO2 output. Similarly, a hybrid brain-computer interface (BCI) is composed of two BCIs, or at least one BCI and another system. A hybrid BCI, like any BCI, must fulfill the following four criteria: (i) the device must rely on signals recorded directly from the brain; (ii) there must be at least one recordable brain signal that the user can intentionally modulate to effect goal-directed behaviour; (iii) real time processing; and (iv) the user must obtain feedback. This paper introduces hybrid BCIs that have already been published or are in development. We also introduce concepts for future work. We describe BCIs that classify two EEG patterns: one is the event-related (de)synchronisation (ERD, ERS) of sensorimotor rhythms, and the other is the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Hybrid BCIs can either process their inputs simultaneously, or operate two systems sequentially, where the first system can act as a “brain switch”. For example, we describe a hybrid BCI that simultaneously combines ERD and SSVEP BCIs. We also describe a sequential hybrid BCI, in which subjects could use a brain switch to control an SSVEP-based hand orthosis. Subjects who used this hybrid BCI exhibited about half the false positives encountered while using the SSVEP BCI alone. A brain switch can also rely on hemodynamic changes measured through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Hybrid BCIs can also use one brain signal and a different type of input. This additional input can be an electrophysiological signal such as the heart rate, or a signal from an external device such as an eye tracking system.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Neurorobot
                Front Neurorobot
                Front. Neurorobot.
                Frontiers in Neurorobotics
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5218
                15 August 2017
                2017
                : 11
                : 38
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States
                [2] 2Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States
                [3] 3Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States
                [4] 4School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, United States
                [5] 5Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, United States
                [6] 6Brain Sciences Center, VA Medical Center Minneapolis, MN, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ganesh R. Naik, Western Sydney University, Australia

                Reviewed by: Michael Beyeler, University of Washington, United States; Jing Jin, East China University of Science and Technology, China

                *Correspondence: Shikha J. Goodwin shikha@ 123456umn.edu

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                10.3389/fnbot.2017.00038
                5559436
                c1b95f30-6bf0-4b47-8253-de49328c4deb
                Copyright © 2017 Chmura, Rosing, Collazos and Goodwin.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 05 April 2017
                : 25 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7, Words: 4816
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Perspective

                Robotics
                inhibition,brain computer interface,motor imagery (mi),event-related potentials (erps),machine learning

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