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      3-dimensional bioprinting for tissue engineering applications

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          Abstract

          The 3-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, referred to as additive manufacturing (AM) or rapid prototyping (RP), have acquired reputation over the past few years for art, architectural modeling, lightweight machines, and tissue engineering applications. Among these applications, tissue engineering field using 3D printing has attracted the attention from many researchers. 3D bioprinting has an advantage in the manufacture of a scaffold for tissue engineering applications, because of rapid-fabrication, high-precision, and customized-production, etc. In this review, we will introduce the principles and the current state of the 3D bioprinting methods. Focusing on some of studies that are being current application for biomedical and tissue engineering fields using printed 3D scaffolds.

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          Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds.

          Bone disorders are of significant concern due to increase in the median age of our population. Traditionally, bone grafts have been used to restore damaged bone. Synthetic biomaterials are now being used as bone graft substitutes. These biomaterials were initially selected for structural restoration based on their biomechanical properties. Later scaffolds were engineered to be bioactive or bioresorbable to enhance tissue growth. Now scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are often porous, made of biodegradable materials that harbor different growth factors, drugs, genes, or stem cells. In this review, we highlight recent advances in bone scaffolds and discuss aspects that still need to be improved. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering.

            Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a bioresorbable polymer with potential applications for bone and cartilage repair. In this work, porous PCL scaffolds were computationally designed and then fabricated via selective laser sintering (SLS), a rapid prototyping technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds were assessed and compared to the designed porous architectures and computationally predicted properties. Scaffolds were then seeded with bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) transduced fibroblasts and implanted subcutaneously to evaluate biological properties and to demonstrate tissue in-growth. The work done illustrates the ability to design and fabricate PCL scaffolds with porous architecture that have sufficient mechanical properties for bone tissue engineering applications using SLS. Compressive modulus and yield strength values ranged from 52 to 67 MPa and 2.0 to 3.2 Mpa, respectively, lying within the lower range of properties reported for human trabecular bone. Finite element analysis (FEA) results showed that mechanical properties of scaffold designs and of fabricated scaffolds can be computationally predicted. Histological evaluation and micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis of implanted scaffolds showed that bone can be generated in vivo. Finally, to demonstrate the clinical application of this technology, we designed and fabricated a prototype mandibular condyle scaffold based on an actual pig condyle. The integration of scaffold computational design and free-form fabrication techniques presented here could prove highly useful for the construction of scaffolds that have anatomy specific exterior architecture derived from patient CT or MRI data and an interior porous architecture derived from computational design optimization.
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              Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                bons1020@kirams.re.kr
                choidj@kirams.re.kr
                sjpark@kirams.re.kr
                kimins21@kirams.re.kr
                kangcm@kirams.re.kr
                +82-2-970-1319 , chkim@kcch.re.kr
                Journal
                Biomater Res
                Biomater Res
                Biomaterials Research
                BioMed Central (London )
                2055-7124
                25 April 2016
                25 April 2016
                2016
                : 20
                : 12
                Affiliations
                Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4, Gongneung, Nowon, Seoul, 139-240 Korea
                Article
                58
                10.1186/s40824-016-0058-2
                4843207
                27114828
                c21d13d5-7be0-469b-9246-6dbc80f6a026
                © Gu et al. 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 4 December 2015
                : 12 April 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004083, Ministry of Science ICT and Future Planning;
                Award ID: 1711021779
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003052, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy;
                Award ID: 10053595
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                3d bioprinting,additive manufacturing,tissue engineering,3d scaffold

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