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      Efecto de la estimulación transcraneal mediante corriente continua sobre el dolor y el consumo de opioides después de la cirugía raquídea Translated title: Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in pain and opioid consumption after spine surgery

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Antecedentes: La estimulación transcraneal por corriente continua (ETCC o tDCS, por sus siglas en inglés) ha obtenido resultados prometedores para aliviar distintos tipos de dolor. El presente estudio compara la eficacia de tres sesiones de ETCC anódica aplicada sobre el área motora primaria (M1) o la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) izquierda, o simulada, para reducir el dolor y el consumo total de opioides en pacientes en el postoperatorio de una cirugía de columna vertebral. Materiales: Sesenta y siete de 75 pacientes elegibles en el postoperatorio de una cirugía raquídea fueron asignados a uno de tres grupos experimentales. El grupo A recibió ETCC anódica sobre la corteza M1, el grupo B la recibió sobre la CPFDL izquierda (2 mA, 20 min) y el grupo C recibió una ETCC simulada, todos durante 3 días consecutivos del postoperatorio. Los pacientes se evaluaron mediante una escala analógica visual (EAV) y una escala analógica visual dinámica (EAVD) basalmente y en cada uno de los días de tratamiento. Se evaluó el consumo total de morfina durante los 3 días del postoperatorio. Resultados: El ANOVA de dos vías de medidas repetidas no mostró ninguna diferencia significativa en la EAV de reposo entre los tres grupos. Sin embargo, hubo una mejoría significativa del dolor (P < 0,001) en la EAVD en ambos grupos activos (grupos A y B) frente al grupo con simulación (grupo C) en el postoperatorio, sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos activos. El consumo de morfina se redujo significativamente en ambos grupos activos frente al grupo simulado, pero no hubo diferencias de consumo entre los grupos activos. Conclusión: Hubo una reducción significativa del consumo de morfina y de las puntuaciones de la EAVD en el postoperatorio después de las tres sesiones de ETCC real. Significación: La ETCC es una herramienta prometedora para aliviar el dolor en el campo de la cirugía raquídea durante el postoperatorio.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown promising results in alleviating different types of pain. The present study compares the efficacy of three sessions of anodal tDCS applied over primary motor area (M1) or the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or sham on reducing pain and the total opioid consumption in postoperative spine surgery patients. Materials: Sixty-seven out of 75 eligible patients for postoperative spine surgery were randomly allocated into one of the three experimental groups. Group A received anodal tDCS applied over M1 cortex, group B over left DLPF cortex (2 mA, 20 min) and group C received sham tDCS, all for 3 consecutive postoperative days. Patients were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and adynamic visual analogue scale (DVAS) at baseline, and on each of the treatment days. The total morphine consumption over the 3 postoperative days was assessed. Results: Two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference in resting VAS between the three groups. However, there was significant pain improvement (P < 0.001) in DVAS in both active groups (group A and B) compared to the sham group (group C) in the postoperative period, with no significant difference between the active groups. Morphine consumption was significantly reduced in both active groups compared with the sham group, but there was no difference in consumption between the active groups. Conclusion: There was a significant postoperative reduction in morphine consumption and DVAS scores after three sessions of active tDCS. Significance: tDCS is a promising tool for alleviating pain in the field of postoperative spine surgery.

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          Most cited references43

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          Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans.

          The authors show that in the human transcranial direct current stimulation is able to induce sustained cortical excitability elevations. As revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor cortical excitability increased approximately 150% above baseline for up to 90 minutes after the end of stimulation. The feasibility of inducing long-lasting excitability modulations in a noninvasive, painless, and reversible way makes this technique a potentially valuable tool in neuroplasticity modulation.
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            Cerebral location of international 10-20 system electrode placement.

            We employed CT scanning to correlate scalp markers placed according to the international 10-20 system with underlying cerebral structures. Subjects were 12 normal volunteers. Measurements included assessment for cranial asymmetry to determine the effect of skull asymmetry on cortical location of electrodes. Results were correlated with the cortical histological map of Brodmann. Primary cortical locations agree well with previously published data and provide cortical localization in greater detail than previous studies. Variability of cortical electrode location was substantial in some cases and not related to cranial asymmetry. The results indicate that CT scanning or other neuroimaging techniques which reveal detailed cerebral anatomy would be potentially highly useful in defining the generators of electrocerebral potentials recorded from the scalp.
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              The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Acute and Chronic Pain.

              The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a functionally and structurally heterogeneous region and a key node of several brain networks, implicated in cognitive, affective, and sensory processing. As such, the DLPFC is commonly activated in experimental pain studies, and shows abnormally increased function in chronic pain populations. Furthermore, several studies have shown that some chronic pains are associated with decreased left DLPFC gray matter and that successful interventions can reverse this structural abnormality. In addition, studies have indicated that noninvasive stimulation of the left DLPFC effectively treats some chronic pains. In this article, we review the neuroimaging literature regarding the role of the DLPFC and its potential as a therapeutic target for chronic pain conditions, including studies showing the involvement of the DLPFC in encoding and modulating acute pain and studies demonstrating the reversal of DLPFC functional and structural abnormalities after successful interventions for chronic pain. We also review studies of noninvasive brain stimulation of the DLPFC showing acute pain modulation and some effectiveness as a treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. We further discuss the network architecture of the DLPFC, and postulate mechanisms by which DLPFC stimulation alleviates chronic pain. Future work testing these mechanisms will allow for more effective therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                February 2023
                : 30
                : 1
                : 49-59
                Affiliations
                [2] Assiut Asyut orgnameAssiut University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Neuropsychiatry Egypt
                [1] Assiut Asyut orgnameAssiut University orgdiv1Department of Anesthesiology Egypt
                Article
                S1134-80462023000100008 S1134-8046(23)03000100008
                10.1002/ejp.1985
                c22bdb45-0c6f-4b65-8d79-a9c11a230549

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 May 2022
                : 14 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo de la revista EJP

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