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The twilight of immunity: emerging concepts in aging of the immune system
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Abstract
<p class="first" id="d3338213e53">Immunosenescence is a series of age-related changes
that affect the immune system
and, with time, lead to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This Review
addresses recent developments in the understanding of age-related changes that affect
key components of immunity, including the effect of aging on cells of the (mostly
adaptive) immune system, on soluble molecules that guide the maintenance and function
of the immune system and on lymphoid organs that coordinate both the maintenance of
lymphocytes and the initiation of immune responses. I further address the effect of
the metagenome and exposome as key modifiers of immune-system aging and discuss a
conceptual framework in which age-related changes in immunity might also affect the
basic rules by which the immune system operates.
</p>