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      Saliva-Based Biosensors: Noninvasive Monitoring Tool for Clinical Diagnostics

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          Abstract

          Saliva is increasingly recognised as an attractive diagnostic fluid. The presence of various disease signalling salivary biomarkers that accurately reflect normal and disease states in humans and the sampling benefits compared to blood sampling are some of the reasons for this recognition. This explains the burgeoning research field in assay developments and technological advancements for the detection of various salivary biomarkers to improve clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment. This paper reviews the significance of salivary biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications, with focus on the technologies and biosensing platforms that have been reported for screening these biomarkers.

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          Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery.

          Leland Clark, Champ Lyons (1962)
          Article 0 comments Cited 456 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol.

            Clement K M Ho, R Vining, J Maksvytis … (1983)
            Salivary cortisol concentration was found to be directly proportional to the serum unbound cortisol concentration both in normal men and women and in women with elevated cortisol-binding globulin (CBG). The correlation was excellent in dynamic tests of adrenal function (dexamethasone suppression, ACTH stimulation), in normals and patients with adrenal insufficiency, in tests of circadian variation and randomly collected samples. Women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy exhibited elevated salivary cortisol throughout the day. The relationship between salivary and serum total cortisol concentration was markedly non-linear with a more rapid increase in salivary concentration once the serum CBG was saturated. The rate of equilibrium of cortisol between blood and saliva was very fast, being much less than 5 minutes. These data, combined with a simple, stress-free, non-invasive collection procedure, lead us to suggest that salivary cortisol is a more appropriate measure for the clinical assessment of adrenocortical function than is serum cortisol.
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              Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 as potential biomarkers for oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

              Carlo Montemagno, Elliot Abemayor, Richard C K Jordan … (2004)
              Since morbidity and mortality rates due to oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have improved little in the past 30 years, early detection or prevention of this disease is likely to be most effective. Using laser-capture microdissection, we have identified the expression of 2 cellular genes that are uniquely associated with OSCC: interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8. These cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease, and have been linked with increased tumor growth and metastasis. To investigate whether IL-6 and/or IL-8 could serve as informative biomarkers for OSCC in saliva and/or serum and to determine if there is a role for saliva as a diagnostic medium for OSCC. Patients with newly diagnosed T1 or T2 oral cavity or oropharyngeal histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma were recruited for the study. Age and sex-matched disease-free subjects were used as controls. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we respectively assessed the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in serum (controls, n = 32; patients with OSCC, n = 19) and saliva (controls, n = 32; patients with OSCC, n = 32) at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. Specificity and sensitivity of these biomarkers for OSCC and their predictive value. Interleukin 8 was detected at higher concentrations in saliva (P .75). Using statistical analysis, we were able to determine the threshold value, sensitivity, and specificity of each biomarker, as well as a combination of biomarkers, for detecting OSCC. Our findings indicate that IL-8 in saliva and IL-6 in serum hold promise as biomarkers for OSCC. A saliva-based test could be a cost-effective adjunctive tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with OSCC.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 September 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 962903
                Affiliations
                1Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Building VO1, Block A, Level 5, Room 27, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
                2Faculty of Mechanical Engineering (FKM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
                Author notes
                *Emma P. Córcoles: emmacorcoles@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: Michael Kalafatis

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-0353
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/962903
                PMC ID: 4172994
                PubMed ID: 25276835
                SO-VID: c26d12f3-9357-46a0-a5b7-b2a2b29b6b48
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Radha S. P. Malon et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 February 2014
                Date revision received : 16 July 2014
                Date accepted : 11 August 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Data availability:

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