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      A glance at black cumin ( Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone, in ischemia: a review

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          Abstract

          Objective(s):

          Black cumin ( Nigella sativa) belonging to Ranunculaceae family has a long history of medicinal use in various folk and traditional systems of medicine, including Iranian traditional medicine (ITM). These valuable medicinal seeds have been used traditionally against a variety of diseases such as dyspepsia, diabetes, headache, influenza and asthma. In addition, several scientific investigations have reported the therapeutic properties of N. sativa and thymoquinone (TQ), one of the most important constituent of black cumin, for treatment of a large number of diseases, including ischemia. As there is no comprehensive review study about the anti-ischemic activity of black cumin and its mechanism of action, in the current study, we aimed to review the anti-ischemic activities of N. sativa and TQ in different organ-related disorders.

          Materials and Methods:

          We searched the words N. sativa or black cumin and ischemia in the combination of related organs through available databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

          Results:

          Several studies were found reporting the anti-ischemic activity of black cumin and its active constituent on different organs including brain, kidneys, heart, and liver. Black cumin exert its beneficial effects as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-necrosis agent through inhibition of growth factors, biochemical and oxidative stress markers and regulating gene expression.

          Conclusion:

          Thus, N. sativa could be a potential candidate for treatment of ischemia related disorders in key organs such as brain, liver, digestive system, kidney, and heart. To figure out the exact mechanism of action, further investigations are proposed in this regard.

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          Most cited references127

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          Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury.

          J M McCord (1985)
          It is now clear that oxygen-derived free radicals play an important part in several models of experimentally induced reperfusion injury. Although there are certainly multiple components to clinical ischemic and reperfusion injury, it appears likely that free-radical production may make a major contribution at certain stages in the progression of the injury. The primary source of superoxide in reperfused reoxygenated tissues appears to be the enzyme xanthine oxidase, released during ischemia by a calcium-triggered proteolytic attack on xanthine dehydrogenase. Reperfused tissues are protected in a variety of laboratory models by scavengers of superoxide radicals or hydroxyl radicals or by allopurinol or other inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Dysfunction induced by free radicals may thus be a major component of ischemic diseases of the heart, bowel, liver, kidney, and brain.
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            Antioxidant activity of Nigella sativa essential oil.

            The essential oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., was tested for a possible antioxidant activity. A rapid evaluation for antioxidants, using two TLC screening methods, showed that thymoquinone and the components carvacrol, t-anethole and 4-terpineol demonstrated respectable radical scavenging property. These four constituents and the essential oil possessed variable antioxidant activity when tested in the diphenylpicrylhydracyl assay for non-specific hydrogen atom or electron donating activity. They were also effective.OH radical scavenging agents in the assay for non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation in liposomes and the deoxyribose degradation assay. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil obtained from six different samples of Nigella sativa seeds and from a commercial fixed oil showed that the qualitative composition of the volatile compounds was almost identical. Differences were mainly restricted to the quantitative composition. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed.

              Rany Salem (2005)
              A larger number of medicinal plants and their purified constituents have been shown beneficial therapeutic potentials. Seeds of Nigella sativa, a dicotyledon of the Ranunculaceae family, have been employed for thousands of years as a spice and food preservative. The oil and seed constituents, in particular thymoquinine (TQ), have shown potential medicinal properties in traditional medicine. In view of the recent literature, this article lists and discusses different immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic potentials for the crude oil of N. sativa seeds and its active ingredients. The published findings provide clear evidence that both the oil and its active ingredients, in particular TQ, possess reproducible anti-oxidant effects through enhancing the oxidant scavenger system, which as a consequence lead to antitoxic effects induced by several insults. The oil and TQ have shown also potent anti-inflammatory effects on several inflammation-based models including experimental encephalomyelitis, colitis, peritonitis, oedama, and arthritis through suppression of the inflammatory mediators prostaglandins and leukotriens. The oil and certain active ingredients showed beneficial immunomodulatory properties, augmenting the T cell- and natural killer cell-mediated immune responses. Most importantly, both the oil and its active ingredients expressed anti-microbial and anti-tumor properties toward different microbes and cancers. Coupling these beneficial effects with its use in folk medicine, N. sativa seed is a promising source for active ingredients that would be with potential therapeutic modalities in different clinical settings. The efficacy of the active ingredients, however, should be measured by the nature of the disease. Given their potent immunomodulatory effects, further studies are urgently required to explore bystander effects of TQ on the professional antigen presenting cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as its modulatory effects upon Th1- and Th2-mediated inflammatory immune diseases. Ultimately, results emerging from such studies will substantially improve the immunotherapeutic application of TQ in clinical settings.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran J Basic Med Sci
                Iran J Basic Med Sci
                ijbms
                Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
                Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Mashhad, Iran )
                2008-3866
                2008-3874
                December 2018
                : 21
                : 12
                : 1200-1209
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Phamacogenosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                [3 ]Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Hossein Hosseinzadeh. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-38819042; Fax: +98-51-38823251; Email: hosseinzadehh@mums.ac.ir
                Article
                10.22038/ijbms.2018.31703.7630
                6312681
                30627362
                c2712c6b-5ba7-43d3-9afa-39026002cff7

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 13 May 2018
                : 17 December 2018
                Categories
                Review Article

                black cumin,brain,cardiovascular,ischemia,nigella sativa
                black cumin, brain, cardiovascular, ischemia, nigella sativa

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