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      Identification of a Genotype IX Newcastle Disease Virus in a Guangxi White Duck

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          Abstract

          We report the complete genomic sequence of a novel Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain, duck/China/Guangxi19/2011, isolated from a white duck in Guangxi Province, southern China. Phylogenetic analysis based on a fusion gene comparison with different NDV strains revealed that duck/China/Guangxi19/2011 is phylogenetically close to genotype IX NDV, and the deduced amino acid sequence of the fusion protein cleavage site was 112R-R-Q-R-R-F117. The whole nucleotide sequence had the highest homology (99.7%) to the sequence of strain F48E8 (GenBank accession number FJ436302). This study will help us understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of genotype IX Newcastle disease virus in ducks.

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          Role of fusion protein cleavage site in the virulence of Newcastle disease virus

          Aruna Panda, Zhuhui Huang, Subbiah Elankumaran … (2003)
          Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious and economically important disease in poultry. Viral determinants of NDV virulence are not completely understood. The amino acid sequence at the protease cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein has been postulated as a major determinant of NDV virulence. In this study, we have examined the role of F protein cleavage site sequence in NDV virulence using reverse genetics technology. The sequence G-R-Q-G-R present at the cleavage site of the F protein of avirulent strain LaSota was mutated to R-R-Q-K-R, which is present in the F cleavage site of neurovirulent strain Beaudette C (BC). The resultant mutated LaSota V.F. virus did not require exogenous protease for infectivity in cell culture, indicating that the F protein was cleaved by intracellular proteases. The virulence of the mutant and parental viruses was evaluated in vivo by intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) tests in chickens. Our results showed that the modification of the F protein cleavage site resulted in a dramatic increase in virulence from an ICPI value of 0.00 for LaSota to a value of 1.12 for LaSota V.F. However, the ICPI value of LaSota V.F. was lower than that of BC, which had a value of 1.58. Interestingly, the IVPI tests showed values of 0.00 for both LaSota and LaSota V.F. viruses, compared to the IVPI value of 1.45 of BC. In vitro characteristics of the viruses were also studied. Our results demonstrate that the efficiency of cleavage of the F protein plays an important role if the NDV is delivered directly into the brains of chicks, but there could be other viral factors that probably affect peripheral replication, viremia, or entry into the central nervous system.
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            Virulence of Newcastle disease virus is determined by the cleavage site of the fusion protein and by both the stem region and globular head of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein.

            Ben Peeters, Leo Hartog, Guus Koch … (2005)
            Virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is mainly determined by the amino acid sequence surrounding the fusion (F) protein cleavage site, since host proteases that cleave the F protein of virulent strains are present in more tissues than those that cleave the F protein of non-virulent strains. Nevertheless, comparison of NDV strains that carry exactly the same F protein cleavage site shows that significant differences in virulence still exist. For instance, virulent field strain Herts/33 with the F cleavage site 112RRQRRF117 had an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.88 compared with 1.28 for strain NDFLtag, which has the same cleavage site. This implies that additional factors contribute to virulence. After generating an infectious clone of Herts/33 (FL-Herts), we were able to map the location of additional virulence factors by exchanging sequences between FL-Herts and NDFLtag. The results showed that, in addition to the F protein cleavage site, the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein also contributed to virulence. The effect of the HN protein on virulence was most prominent after intravenous inoculation. Interestingly, both the stem region and the globular head of the HN protein seem to be involved in determining virulence.
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              Newcastle Disease Virus in Madagascar: Identification of an Original Genotype Possibly Deriving from a Died Out Ancestor of Genotype IV

              Olivier Maminiaina, Patricia Cruz-Gil, François-Xavier Briand … (2010)
              In Madagascar, Newcastle disease (ND) has become enzootic after the first documented epizootics in 1946, with recurrent annual outbreaks causing mortality up to 40%. Four ND viruses recently isolated in Madagascar were genotypically and pathotypically characterised. By phylogenetic inference based on the F and HN genes, and also full-genome sequence analyses, the NDV Malagasy isolates form a cluster distant enough to constitute a new genotype hereby proposed as genotype XI. This new genotype is presumably deriving from an ancestor close to genotype IV introduced in the island probably more than 50 years ago. Our data show also that all the previously described neutralising epitopes are conserved between Malagasy and vaccine strains. However, the potential implication in vaccination failures of specific amino acid substitutions predominantly found on surface-exposed epitopes of F and HN proteins is discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 October 2013
                Publication date Collection: Sep-Oct 2013
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00836-13
                Affiliations
                [1]Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Zhixun Xie, xiezhixun@ 123456126.com .
                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00836-13
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00836-13
                PMC ID: 3795221
                PubMed ID: 24115551
                SO-VID: c2716d7d-5bb9-493f-a4fb-317378c000ae
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Xie et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                Date received : 16 September 2013
                Date accepted : 18 September 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 2
                Categories
                Subject: Viruses
                Custom metadata
                cover-date September/October 2013
                access-type free

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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