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      Improving soil carbon estimates of Philippine mangroves using localized organic matter to organic carbon equations

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          Abstract

          Background

          Southeast Asian (SEA) mangroves are globally recognized as blue carbon hotspots. Methodologies that measure mangrove soil carbon stock (SCS) are either accurate but costly (i.e., elemental analyzers), or economical but less accurate (i.e., loss-on-ignition [LOI]). Most SEA countries estimate SCS by measuring soil organic matter (OM) through the LOI method then converting it into organic carbon (OC) using a conventional conversion equation (%C org = 0.415 * % LOI + 2.89, R 2 = 0.59, n = 78) developed from Palau mangroves. The local site conditions in Palau does not reflect the wide range of environmental settings and disturbances in the Philippines. Consequently, the conventional conversion equation possibly compounds the inaccuracies of converting OM to OC causing over- or under-estimated SCS. Here, we generated a localized OM-OC conversion equation and tested its accuracy in computing SCS against the conventional equation. The localized equation was generated by plotting % OC (from elemental analyzer) against the % OM (from LOI). The study was conducted in different mangrove stands (natural, restored, and mangrove-recolonized fishponds) in Oriental Mindoro and Sorsogon, Philippines from the West and North Philippine Sea biogeographic regions, respectively. The OM:OC ratios were also statistically tested based on (a) stand types, (b) among natural stands, and (c) across different ages of the restored and recolonized stands. Increasing the accuracy of OM-OC conversion equations will improve SCS estimates that will yield reasonable C emission reduction targets for the country’s commitments on Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement.

          Results

          The localized conversion equation is %OC = 0.36 * % LOI + 2.40 (R 2 = 0.67; n = 458). The SOM:OC ratios showed significant differences based on stand types ( x 2 = 19.24; P = 6.63 × 10 –05), among natural stands (F = 23.22; p = 1.17 × 10 –08), and among ages of restored (F = 5.14; P = 0.03) and recolonized stands (F = 3.4; P = 0.02). SCS estimates using the localized (5%) and stand-specific equations (7%) were similar with the values derived from an elemental analyzer. In contrast, the conventional equation overestimates SCS by 20%.

          Conclusions

          The calculated SCS improves as the conversion equation becomes more reflective of localized site conditions. Both localized and stand-specific conversion equations yielded more accurate SCS compared to the conventional equation. While our study explored only two out of the six marine biogeographic regions in the Philippines, we proved that having a localized conversion equation leads to improved SCS measurements. Using our proposed equations will make more realistic SCS targets (and therefore GHG reductions) in designing mangrove restoration programs to achieve the country’s NDC commitments.

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          Most cited references54

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          Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution

          We present new global maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification at an unprecedented 1-km resolution for the present-day (1980–2016) and for projected future conditions (2071–2100) under climate change. The present-day map is derived from an ensemble of four high-resolution, topographically-corrected climatic maps. The future map is derived from an ensemble of 32 climate model projections (scenario RCP8.5), by superimposing the projected climate change anomaly on the baseline high-resolution climatic maps. For both time periods we calculate confidence levels from the ensemble spread, providing valuable indications of the reliability of the classifications. The new maps exhibit a higher classification accuracy and substantially more detail than previous maps, particularly in regions with sharp spatial or elevation gradients. We anticipate the new maps will be useful for numerous applications, including species and vegetation distribution modeling. The new maps including the associated confidence maps are freely available via www.gloh2o.org/koppen.
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            Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics

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              Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: A review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                sgsalmo@up.edu.ph
                Journal
                Carbon Balance Manag
                Carbon Balance Manag
                Carbon Balance and Management
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                1750-0680
                11 September 2024
                11 September 2024
                December 2024
                : 19
                : 31
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, ( https://ror.org/03tbh6y23) 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
                [2 ]University of the Philippines Tacloban College, ( https://ror.org/05nfx1325) 6500 Tacloban City, Philippines
                [3 ]Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines Diliman, ( https://ror.org/03tbh6y23) 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
                [4 ]Center of Excellence for Mangrove, Universitas Sumatera Utara, ( https://ror.org/01kknrc90) Medan, Indonesia
                [5 ]Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, ( https://ror.org/02hmjzt55) Jakarta, Indonesia
                [6 ]US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hilo, HI USA
                Article
                276
                10.1186/s13021-024-00276-y
                11391756
                39259316
                c2830b18-6453-4fcc-8a3d-cb9d445f95ae
                © The Author(s) 2024

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

                History
                : 3 April 2024
                : 15 August 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: NAS/USAID/PEER
                Award ID: AID-OAA-A-11-00012 (Grant Number 9-379)
                Award ID: AID-OAA-A-11-00012 (Grant Number 9-379)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: World Class University Program of Universitas Sumatera Utara Year 2022-2023
                Award ID: Grant no. 20084.1/UN 5.4.17/ TPM/2022
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024

                Environmental change
                philippine mangroves,carbon stock estimation,soil organic carbon,organic matter to organic carbon allometry,loss-on-ignition,conservation,restoration

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