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      Regulation of cancer glutamine metabolism by EphA2 RTK-dependent activation of transcriptional co-activators YAP and TAZ

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          Abstract

          Malignant tumors reprogram cellular metabolism to support cancer cell proliferation and survival. Although most cancers depend on a high rate of aerobic glycolysis, many cancer cells also display addiction to glutamine. Mounting evidence indicates key roles of glutamine transporters and glutaminase activity in cancer glutamine metabolism. Here, we show that the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase activates YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ), transcriptional co-activators of the TEAD family of transcription factors, to promote glutamine metabolism in models of HER2-positive breast cancer. EphA2 overexpression induced nuclear accumulation of YAP and TAZ and increased expression of YAP/TAZ target genes. Inhibition of Rho or ROCK kinase abolished EphA2-dependent YAP/TAZ nuclear localization, suggesting Rho signaling as a critical intermediary. Silencing of YAP or TAZ significantly reduced intracellular glutamate, through differential regulation of SLC1A5 and GLS, respectively. Indeed, the regulatory DNA elements of both SLC1A5 and GLS contain TEAD binding sites and were bound by TEAD4 in an EphA2-dependent manner. In human breast cancer, EphA2 expression positively correlates with YAP and TAZ, as well as GLS and SLC1A5. While high expression of EphA2 predicts enhanced metastatic potential and poor survival, increased EphA2 expression rendered HER2-positive breast cancer cells more sensitive to glutaminase inhibition. Together, these findings define a novel mechanism of EphA2-mediated YAP/TAZ activation to promote glutaminolysis through upregulation of GLS and SLC1A5 in HER2+ breast cancer.

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          Most cited references60

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          Regulation of the Hippo-YAP pathway by G-protein-coupled receptor signaling.

          The Hippo pathway is crucial in organ size control, and its dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. However, upstream signals that regulate the mammalian Hippo pathway have remained elusive. Here, we report that the Hippo pathway is regulated by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Serum-borne lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphophate (S1P) act through G12/13-coupled receptors to inhibit the Hippo pathway kinases Lats1/2, thereby activating YAP and TAZ transcription coactivators, which are oncoproteins repressed by Lats1/2. YAP and TAZ are involved in LPA-induced gene expression, cell migration, and proliferation. In contrast, stimulation of Gs-coupled receptors by glucagon or epinephrine activates Lats1/2 kinase activity, thereby inhibiting YAP function. Thus, GPCR signaling can either activate or inhibit the Hippo-YAP pathway depending on the coupled G protein. Our study identifies extracellular diffusible signals that modulate the Hippo pathway and also establishes the Hippo-YAP pathway as a critical signaling branch downstream of GPCR. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Antitumor activity of the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 in triple-negative breast cancer.

            Glutamine serves as an important source of energy and building blocks for many tumor cells. The first step in glutamine utilization is its conversion to glutamate by the mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase. CB-839 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of both splice variants of glutaminase (KGA and GAC). CB-839 had antiproliferative activity in a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, HCC-1806, that was associated with a marked decrease in glutamine consumption, glutamate production, oxygen consumption, and the steady-state levels of glutathione and several tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. In contrast, no antiproliferative activity was observed in an estrogen receptor-positive cell line, T47D, and only modest effects on glutamine consumption and downstream metabolites were observed. Across a panel of breast cancer cell lines, GAC protein expression and glutaminase activity were elevated in the majority of TNBC cell lines relative to receptor positive cells. Furthermore, the TNBC subtype displayed the greatest sensitivity to CB-839 treatment and this sensitivity was correlated with (i) dependence on extracellular glutamine for growth, (ii) intracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, and (iii) GAC (but not KGA) expression, a potential biomarker for sensitivity. CB-839 displayed significant antitumor activity in two xenograft models: as a single agent in a patient-derived TNBC model and in a basal like HER2(+) cell line model, JIMT-1, both as a single agent and in combination with paclitaxel. Together, these data provide a strong rationale for the clinical investigation of CB-839 as a targeted therapeutic in patients with TNBC and other glutamine-dependent tumors.
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              Targeting mitochondrial glutaminase activity inhibits oncogenic transformation.

              Rho GTPases impact a number of activities important for oncogenesis. We describe a small molecule inhibitor that blocks oncogenic transformation induced by various Rho GTPases in fibroblasts, and the growth of human breast cancer and B lymphoma cells, without affecting normal cells. We identify the target of this inhibitor to be the metabolic enzyme glutaminase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. We show that transformed fibroblasts and breast cancer cells exhibit elevated glutaminase activity that is dependent on Rho GTPases and NF-κB activity, and is blocked by the small molecule inhibitor. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated connection between Rho GTPase activation and cellular metabolism and demonstrate that targeting glutaminase activity can inhibit oncogenic transformation. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101465400
                34171
                Sci Signal
                Sci Signal
                Science signaling
                1945-0877
                1937-9145
                14 February 2018
                05 December 2017
                05 December 2017
                05 December 2018
                : 10
                : 508
                : eaan4667
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
                [2 ]Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
                [3 ]Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
                [4 ]Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
                [5 ]Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
                [6 ]Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
                Author notes
                [# ]Correspondence should be addressed to: Jin Chen, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Medicine, Cancer Biology, and Cell & Developmental Biology, T-3207E, Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, jin.chen@ 123456vanderbilt.edu , Telephone: 615-343-3819
                Article
                PMC5819349 PMC5819349 5819349 nihpa942370
                10.1126/scisignal.aan4667
                5819349
                29208682
                c291493b-0b23-4468-a7c9-0b3dd6d8a5dc
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