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      Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy in the treatment of patients with primary immunodeficiency disease

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          Abstract

          Antibody deficiency is the most frequently encountered primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) and patients who lack the ability to make functional immunoglobulin require life-long replacement therapy to prevent serious bacterial infections. Human serum immunoglobulin manufactured from pools of donated plasma can be administered intramuscularly, intravenously or subcutaneously. With the advent of well-tolerated preparations of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the 1980s, the suboptimal painful intramuscular route of administration is no longer used. However, some patients continued to experience unacceptable adverse reactions to the intravenous preparations, and for others, vascular access remained problematic. Subcutaneously administered immunoglobulin (SCIg) provided an alternative delivery method to patients experiencing difficulties with IVIg. By 2006, immunoglobulin preparations designed exclusively for subcutaneous administration became available. They are therapeutically equivalent to intravenous preparations and offer patients the additional flexibility for the self-administration of their product at home. SCIg as replacement therapy for patients with primary antibody deficiencies is a safe and efficacious method to prevent serious bacterial infections, while maximizing patient satisfaction and improving quality of life.

          Most cited references41

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          AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA

          A hitherto unrecognized entity manifested by complete absence of gamma globulin with otherwise normal serum proteins and recurrent pneumococcal sepsis is described in an 8 year old male. The patient appears to be normal in other respects and after extensive study no structural or functional change could be demonstrated in any body system although gamma globulin by electrophoretic analysis of his serum was consistently absent. He was unable to produce antibody for the pneumococcus with the four antigenic substances used; a positive Schick test persisted in spite of numerous attempts to reverse it with diphtheria toxoid. No antibody could be demonstrated following administration of typhoid vaccine in the usual manner and his serum was negative for complement-fixing antibodies of epidemic parotitis after he experienced a typical clinical picture of that disease. Gamma globulin could be demonstrated in his serum after concentrated immune human serum globulin was administered subcutaneously, and its gradual disappearance could be followed by electrophoretic analysis over a period of approximately six weeks. Concurrently, and following the administration of human globulin (3.2 gm. gamma globulin) at monthly intervals, he has been free of pneumococcal sepsis for more than a year, whereas he had experienced clinical sepsis at least 19 times in the previous four years in which eight different types of pneumococci had been recovered from blood culture during 10 different episodes. It is postulated that by some acquired "influence" the patient's antibody mechanism has been altered so that he is no longer able to synthesize and/or hold antibody to a specific organism. A complete defect of plasma proteins cannot be excluded.
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            The half-lives of IgG subclasses and specific antibodies in patients with primary immunodeficiency who are receiving intravenously administered immunoglobulin.

            With the increased use of immunoglobulin for intravenous use (IGIV) as replacement therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiencies, a natural concern is whether such preparations demonstrate a normal turnover rate with regard to total IgG, individual IgG subclasses, and specific antibody titers. We have conducted such a pharmacokinetic study on a cohort of eight patients with an IGIV preparation, Gammagard. For total IgG, the half-life found was 25.8 days; for IgG1 it was 29.7 days; for IgG2 it was 26.9 days; and for IgG3 it was 15.7 days. The results are similar to those reported for endogeneous IgG. Half-lives for antibodies to S. minnesota (Re 595 mutant), cytomegalovirus, and S. pneumoniae were of the same order of magnitude as that for total IgG. We conclude that this IGIV preparation is catabolized in patients with primary immunodeficiency at a rate similar to that of native IgG in normal individuals.
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              Safety and efficacy of self-administered subcutaneous immunoglobulin in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases.

              Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) infusions at 3-4 week intervals are currently standard therapy in the United States for patients with primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDD). To evaluate alternative modes of immunoglobulin administration we have designed an open-label study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a subcutaneously administered immunoglobulin preparation (16% IgG) in patients with PIDD. After their final IVIg infusion, 65 patients entered a 3-month, wash-in/wash-out phase, designed to bring patients to steady-state with subcutaneously administered immunoglobulin. This was followed by 12 months of weekly SCIg infusions, at a dose determined in a pharmacokinetic substudy to provide noninferior intravascular exposure. This resulted in a mean weekly dose of 158 mg/kg, calculated to equal 137% of the previous intravenous dose. Two patients (4%) each reported 1 serious bacterial infection (pneumonia), an annual rate of 0.04 per patient-year. There were 4.43 infections of any type per patient-year. Mean trough serum IgG levels increased from 786 to 1040 mg/dL during the study, a mean increase of 39%. The most frequent treatment-related adverse event was infusion-site reaction, reported by 91% of patients; this was predominantly mild or moderate, and the incidence decreased over time. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. We conclude that subcutaneous administration of 16% SCIg is a safe and effective alternative to IVIg for replacement therapy of PIDD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ther Clin Risk Manag
                Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
                Dove Medical Press
                1176-6336
                1178-203X
                2010
                2010
                2 February 2010
                : 6
                : 1-10
                Affiliations
                Seattle Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Hans D Ochs, Seattle Children’s Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 1900 Ninth Ave., C9S-7, Seattle, WA 98101, USA, Tel +1 206 987 7318, Fax +1 206 987 7310, Email hans.ochs@ 123456seattlechildrens.org
                Article
                tcrm-6-001
                10.1057/rm.2009.17
                2817783
                20169031
                c2933dd0-1805-4022-9861-7f13c38d90ea
                © 2010 Skoda-Smith et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.

                This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 December 2009
                Categories
                Review

                Medicine
                subcutaneous immunoglobulin,primary immunodeficiency disease,antibody deficiency,x-linked agammaglobulinemia,common variable immune deficiency

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