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      Human high-altitude adaptation: forward genetics meets the HIF pathway

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          Abstract

          Humans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude in several locations, and recent genome-wide studies have indicated a genetic basis. In some populations, genetic signatures have been identified in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which orchestrates the transcriptional response to hypoxia. This review by Bigham and Lee discusses these findings on human adaptation to high altitude.

          Abstract

          Humans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude in several locations, and recent genome-wide studies have indicated a genetic basis. In some populations, genetic signatures have been identified in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which orchestrates the transcriptional response to hypoxia. In Tibetans, they have been found in the HIF2A ( EPAS1) gene, which encodes for HIF-2α, and the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 ( PHD2, also known as EGLN1) gene, which encodes for one of its key regulators, PHD2. High-altitude adaptation may be due to multiple genes that act in concert with one another. Unraveling their mechanism of action can offer new therapeutic approaches toward treating common human diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia.

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          Most cited references183

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          HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing.

          HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to changes in oxygen availability. In the presence of oxygen, HIF is targeted for destruction by an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). We found that human pVHL binds to a short HIF-derived peptide when a conserved proline residue at the core of this peptide is hydroxylated. Because proline hydroxylation requires molecular oxygen and Fe(2+), this protein modification may play a key role in mammalian oxygen sensing.
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            HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia.

            Activation of glycolytic genes by HIF-1 is considered critical for metabolic adaptation to hypoxia through increased conversion of glucose to pyruvate and subsequently to lactate. We found that HIF-1 also actively suppresses metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) by directly trans-activating the gene encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1). PDK1 inactivates the TCA cycle enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Forced PDK1 expression in hypoxic HIF-1alpha null cells increases ATP levels, attenuates hypoxic ROS generation, and rescues these cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. These studies reveal a hypoxia-induced metabolic switch that shunts glucose metabolites from the mitochondria to glycolysis to maintain ATP production and to prevent toxic ROS production.
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              Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine.

              Oxygen homeostasis represents an organizing principle for understanding metazoan evolution, development, physiology, and pathobiology. The hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcriptional activators that function as master regulators of oxygen homeostasis in all metazoan species. Rapid progress is being made in elucidating homeostatic roles of HIFs in many physiological systems, determining pathological consequences of HIF dysregulation in chronic diseases, and investigating potential targeting of HIFs for therapeutic purposes. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genes Dev
                Genes Dev
                genesdev
                genesdev
                GAD
                Genes & Development
                Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
                0890-9369
                1549-5477
                15 October 2014
                : 28
                : 20
                : 2189-2204
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
                [2 ]Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                8711660
                10.1101/gad.250167.114
                4201282
                25319824
                c2940432-adca-4ac2-894d-180e80625e51
                © 2014 Bigham and Lee; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

                This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see http://genesdev.cshlp.org/site/misc/terms.xhtml). After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                Page count
                Pages: 16
                Categories
                14
                15
                Review

                egln1,high-altitude adaptation,hif,hypoxia,phd2,tibetan adaptation

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