An aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is uncommon but is frequently fatal. Most cases are attributable to a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Other common causes include malignant intrathoracic neoplasm, foreign body ingestion, endovascular stent graft repair for thoracic aortic disease, and esophageal surgery. We report a case of an AEF that developed after chemo-irradiation and subsequent esophageal stent implantation in patient with non-small cell lung cancer. The patient underwent self expanding metallic esophageal stent implantation for an esophageal stricture after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, 1 month later, he presented with hematemesis. Chest computed tomography and aortography revealed a fistula from the descending thoracic aorta to the stented esophagus. The patient expired 36 hours after initial hematemesis. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of an AEF in patient with a nonesophageal malignancy that had undergone chemo-irradiation and subsequent esophageal stent implantation. We recommend that special caution be exercised when performing esophageal stent implantation in patients who have received prior radiotherapy to the thorax including the esophagus.
