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      Factors Associated with Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use in the US Population, 2011–2014

      1 , 1 , 1
      Pain Medicine
      Oxford University Press (OUP)

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study examined factors associated with prescription opioid analgesic use in the US population using data from a nationally representative sample. It focused on factors previously shown to be associated with opioid use disorder or overdose. Variations in the use of different strength opioid analgesics by demographic subgroup were also examined.

          Methods

          Data came from respondents aged 16 years and older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2014). Respondents were classified as opioid users if they reported using one or more prescription opioid analgesics in the past 30 days.

          Results

          Opioid users reported poorer self-perceived health than those not currently using opioids. Compared with those not using opioids, opioid users were more likely to rate their health as being “fair” or “poor” (40.4% [95% confidence interval {CI} = 34.9%–46.2%] compared with 15.6% [95% CI = 14.3%–17.1%]), experienced more days of pain during the past 30 days (mean = 14.3 [95% CI = 12.9–15.8] days compared with 2.3 [95% CI = 2.0–2.7] days), and had depression (22.5% [95% CI = 17.3%–28.7%] compared with 7.1% [95% CI = 6.2%–8.0%]). Among those who reported using opioids during the past 30 days, 18.8% (95% CI = 14.4%–24.1%) reported using benzodiazepine medication during the same period and 5.2% (95% CI = 3.5%–7.7%) reported using an illicit drug during the past six months. When opioid strength was examined, a smaller percentage of adults aged 60 years and older used stronger-than-morphine opioids compared with adults aged 20–39 and 40–59 years.

          Conclusions

          Higher percentages of current opioid users than nonusers reported having many of the factors associated with opioid use disorder and overdose.

          Related collections

          Most cited references16

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          Dichotomous or categorical response? Analysing self-rated health and lifetime social class.

          Self-rated health is a commonly used measure of health status, usually having three to five categories. The measure is often collapsed into a dichotomous variable of good versus less than good health. This categorization has not yet been justified. Using data from the 1958 British birth cohort, we examined the relationship between socioeconomic conditions, indicated by occupational class at four ages, and self-rated health. Results obtained for a dichotomous variable using logistic regression were compared with alternative methods for ordered categorical variables including polytomous regression, cumulative odds, continuation ratio and adjacent categories models. Findings concerning the relationship between socioeconomic position and self-rated health yielded by a logistic regression model were confirmed by alternative statistical methods which incorporate the ordered nature of self-rated health. Similarity of results was found regarding size and significance of main effects, type of association and interactive effects.
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            Risks for opioid abuse and dependence among recipients of chronic opioid therapy: results from the TROUP study.

            To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence in long-term users of opioids for chronic pain, including risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence that can potentially be modified to decrease the likelihood of opioid abuse/dependence, and non-modifiable risk factors for opioid abuse/dependence that may be useful for risk stratification when considering prescribing opioids.
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              Risk factors for serious prescription opioid-related toxicity or overdose among Veterans Health Administration patients.

              Prescription opioid use and deaths related to serious toxicity, including overdose, have increased dramatically in the United States since 1999. However, factors associated with serious opioid-related respiratory or central nervous system (CNS) depression or overdose in medical users are not well characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with serious toxicity in medical users of prescription opioids.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pain Medicine
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                1526-2375
                1526-4637
                July 2019
                July 01 2019
                September 07 2018
                July 2019
                July 01 2019
                September 07 2018
                : 20
                : 7
                : 1338-1346
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
                Article
                10.1093/pm/pny158
                6699916
                30202987
                c2aab469-9e93-4c18-9233-ba7f3508bf86
                © 2018
                History

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