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      Infection with spinal instrumentation: Review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Instrumentation has become an integral component in the management of various spinal pathologies. The rate of infection varies from 2% to 20% of all instrumented spinal procedures. Every occurrence produces patient morbidity, which may adversely affect long-term outcome and increases health care costs.

          Methods:

          A comprehensive review of the literature from 1990 to 2012 was performed utilizing PubMed and several key words: Infection, spine, instrumentation, implant, management, and biofilms. Articles that provided a current review of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management of instrumented spinal infections over the years were reviewed.

          Results:

          There are multiple risk factors for postoperative spinal infections. Infections in the setting of instrumentation are more difficult to diagnose and treat due to biofilm. Infections may be early or delayed. C Reactive Protein (CRP) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are important diagnostic tools. Optimal results are obtained with surgical debridement followed by parenteral antibiotics. Removal or replacement of hardware should be considered in delayed infections.

          Conclusions:

          An improved understanding of the role of biofilm and the development of newer spinal implants has provided insight in the pathogenesis and management of infected spinal implants. This literature review highlights the mechanism, pathogenesis, prevention, and management of infection after spinal instrumentation. It is important to accurately identify and treat postoperative spinal infections. The treatment is often multimodal and prolonged.

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          Most cited references152

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          C-reactive protein: a critical update.

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            Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control and treatment: clinical experience.

            Despite numerous advances, chronic and other difficult-to-manage wounds continue to be a treatment challenge. Presented is a new subatmospheric pressure technique: vacuum-assisted closure (The V.A.C.). The V.A.C. technique entails placing an open-cell foam dressing into the wound cavity and applying a controlled subatmospheric pressure (125 mmHg below ambient pressure). Three hundred wounds were treated: 175 chronic wounds, 94 subacute wounds, and 31 acute wounds. Two hundred ninety-six wounds responded favorably to subatmospheric pressure treatment, with an increased rate of granulation tissue formation. Wounds were treated until completely closed, were covered with a split-thickness skin graft, or a flap was rotated into the health, granulating would bed. The technique removes chronic edema, leading to increased localized blood flow, and the applied forces result in the enhanced formation of granulation tissue. Vacuum-assisted closure is an extremely efficacious modality for treating chronic and difficult wounds.
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              Biofilm formation: a clinically relevant microbiological process.

              Microorganisms universally attach to surfaces and produce extracellular polysaccharides, resulting in the formation of a biofilm. Biofilms pose a serious problem for public health because of the increased resistance of biofilm-associated organisms to antimicrobial agents and the potential for these organisms to cause infections in patients with indwelling medical devices. An appreciation of the role of biofilms in infection should enhance the clinical decision-making process.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Surg Neurol Int
                Surg Neurol Int
                SNI
                Surgical Neurology International
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2229-5097
                2152-7806
                2013
                29 October 2013
                : 4
                : Suppl 5 , SNI: Spine, a supplement to Surgical Neurology International
                : S392-S403
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Neurosurgery, RUSH University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author
                Article
                SNI-4-392
                10.4103/2152-7806.120783
                3841941
                24340238
                c2e8c748-3002-43bf-9833-ddae0c76da99
                Copyright: © 2013 Kasliwal MK.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 07 March 2013
                : 06 June 2013
                Categories
                Surgical Neurology International: Spine

                Surgery
                biofilm,infection,instrumentation,spinal surgery
                Surgery
                biofilm, infection, instrumentation, spinal surgery

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